. 2023 Dec 20;12(2):e653. doi: 10.21106/ijma.653

Table 2.

Selected Age-Adjusted All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates per 100,000 Population by Household Crowding and Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2011-2020 (N=3,143 Counties)

Cause of death	Household crowding (% households with>1 person per room, 2015-2019)

	<1.62%		1.62% to 4.84%		≥4.85%		Relative Risk

	Mortality rate	SE	Mortality rate	SE	Mortality rate	SE	High vs. Low Crowding
All causes combined	773.75	0.28	755.22	0.20	649.54	0.31	0.84	^*

Non-Hispanic White	770.26	0.30	758.03	0.22	695.41	0.46	0.90	^*

Black	924.15	1.15	898.75	0.64	790.08	1.08	0.85	^*

AIAN	501.15	3.87	652.92	2.08	572.95	2.41	1.14	^*

API	366.30	1.71	393.74	0.84	420.57	0.66	1.15	^*

Hispanic	490.03	1.61	549.02	0.67	575.10	0.58	1.17	^*

Metropolitan area	758.51	0.32	733.77	0.21	633.49	0.32	0.84	^*

Non-Metropolitan area	822.87	0.59	869.29	0.53	827.88	1.51	1.01	^*

Children aged <18 years	52.80	0.17	54.68	0.11	43.46	0.15	0.82	^*

Non-Hispanic White	46.67	0.19	46.92	0.14	38.33	0.28	0.82	^*

Black	91.20	0.58	86.97	0.31	67.93	0.54	0.74	^*

AIAN	35.31	1.51	45.59	0.70	49.78	0.97	1.41	^*

API	30.17	0.70	32.52	0.37	27.67	0.34	0.92	^*

Hispanic	42.72	0.53	45.01	0.22	40.61	0.21	0.95	^*

Metropolitan area	51.26	0.19	52.97	0.12	42.04	0.16	0.82	^*

Non-Metropolitan area	58.39	0.38	65.22	0.32	68.22	0.83	1.17	^*

Youth aged 15-24 years	71.23	0.26	72.21	0.17	59.67	0.25	0.84	^*

Non-Hispanic White	68.16	0.29	66.82	0.22	57.78	0.47	0.85	^*

Black	104.71	0.85	104.29	0.47	83.32	0.82	0.80	^*

AIAN	58.33	2.75	77.47	1.35	87.38	1.81	1.50	^*

API	27.46	0.88	33.55	0.52	32.28	0.52	1.18	^*

Hispanic	53.12	0.87	60.55	0.37	55.79	0.35	1.05	^*

Metropolitan area	69.96	0.29	69.85	0.18	57.30	0.25	0.82	^*

Non-Metropolitan area	75.79	0.58	86.97	0.51	103.74	1.47	1.37	^*

Hypertension without heart disease	7.75	0.03	8.46	0.02	11.03	0.04	1.42	^*

Non-Hispanic White	7.24	0.03	7.53	0.02	10.12	0.05	1.40	^*

Black	15.29	0.15	16.37	0.09	19.21	0.17	1.26	^*

AIAN	4.53	0.38	7.43	0.24	7.41	0.29	1.64	^*

API	4.20	0.19	6.06	0.11	9.16	0.10	2.18	^*

Hispanic	4.62	0.16	6.38	0.08	9.98	0.08	2.16	^*

Liver cirrhosis	10.22	0.03	10.82	0.02	11.74	0.04	1.15	^*

Non-Hispanic White	10.54	0.04	11.30	0.03	11.51	0.06	1.09	^*

Black	7.78	0.10	7.19	0.05	7.15	0.10	0.92

AIAN	17.73	0.65	28.00	0.37	28.09	0.46	1.58	^*

API	3.34	0.15	3.50	0.07	3.71	0.06	1.11	^*

Hispanic	11.54	0.23	13.60	0.09	16.17	0.09	1.40	^*

Liver and IBD cancer	5.79	0.02	6.54	0.02	7.67	0.03	1.32	^*

Non-Hispanic White	5.49	0.02	5.86	0.02	5.94	0.04	1.08	^*

Black	8.08	0.10	8.35	0.06	7.95	0.10	0.98

AIAN	5.62	0.39	8.23	0.22	6.57	0.25	1.17

API	7.17	0.22	8.83	0.12	9.23	0.10	1.29	^*

Hispanic	7.70	0.20	9.03	0.08	9.57	0.07	1.24	^*

Stomach cancer	2.48	0.02	2.88	0.01	4.08	0.02	1.65	^*

Non-Hispanic White	2.18	0.02	2.25	0.01	2.62	0.03	1.20	^*

Black	5.24	0.09	5.27	0.05	5.09	0.09	0.97

AIAN	1.88	0.23	2.81	0.14	4.13	0.20	2.20	^*

API	4.10	0.17	4.50	0.09	5.27	0.07	1.29	^*

Hispanic	4.18	0.15	4.64	0.06	5.29	0.05	1.27	^*

Influenza and pneumonia	14.71	0.04	13.84	0.03	15.67	0.05	1.07	^*

Non-Hispanic White	14.84	0.04	13.96	0.03	15.29	0.07	1.03	^*

Black	14.68	0.15	15.09	0.08	18.82	0.17	1.28	^*

AIAN	10.34	0.58	12.84	0.30	15.61	0.42	1.51	^*

API	7.63	0.26	8.75	0.13	15.31	0.13	2.01	^*

Hispanic	8.61	0.22	9.90	0.09	13.86	0.09	1.61	^*

Tuberculosis (TB)	0.09	0.00	0.13	0.00	0.26	0.01	2.89	^*

Non-Hispanic White	0.07	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.09	0.01	1.29	^*

Black	0.19	0.02	0.24	0.01	0.25	0.02	1.32	^*

AIAN			0.34	0.05	0.48	0.07	1.41	^*

API	0.54	0.06	0.62	0.03	0.67	0.03	1.24	^*

Hispanic	0.14	0.03	0.21	0.01	0.32	0.01	2.29	^*

HIV/AIDS	1.04	0.01	1.93	0.01	2.52	0.02	2.42	^*

Non-Hispanic White	0.54	0.01	0.87	0.01	1.55	0.02	2.87	^*

Black	5.42	0.08	7.63	0.05	9.40	0.11	1.73	^*

AIAN	0.74	0.13	1.17	0.07	1.09	0.09	1.47	^*

API	0.21	0.03	0.29	0.02	0.43	0.02	2.05	^*

Hispanic	1.45	0.07	1.57	0.03	2.09	0.03	1.44	^*

Homicide	4.95	0.03	6.66	0.02	5.66	0.03	1.14	^*

Non-Hispanic White	2.52	0.02	3.09	0.02	2.91	0.04	1.15	^*

Black	21.74	0.16	21.36	0.09	16.70	0.14	0.77	^*

AIAN	4.41	0.31	7.07	0.17	7.30	0.22	1.66	^*

API	1.46	0.08	1.83	0.05	1.78	0.04	1.22	^*

Hispanic	3.80	0.10	5.36	0.05	5.34	0.04	1.41	^*

Alzheimer’s disease	27.29	0.05	28.45	0.04	29.28	0.07	1.07	^*

Non-Hispanic White	27.58	0.05	29.65	0.04	34.64	0.10	1.26	^*

Black	27.09	0.21	25.38	0.12	23.85	0.20	0.88	^*

AIAN	13.74	0.72	17.63	0.40	12.45	0.40	0.91

API	10.89	0.32	12.06	0.16	15.98	0.13	1.47	^*

Hispanic	19.04	0.35	21.50	0.15	25.48	0.13	1.34	^*

SE=standard error. AIAN=American Indian and Alaska Native. API=Asian and Pacific Islander. IBD=Intrahepatic bile duct.

p<0.05. Source: Data derived from the 2011-2020 National Vital Statistics System and 2015-2019 American Community Survey