Table 6.
Estimated within-group changes and between-group differences for secondary outcomes between baseline and the postassessment time point (intention-to-treat sample)a.
| Outcome and group | Within-group changes | Group comparison | Between-group differences | ||||||
|
|
Mb (SE; 95% CI) | P value | d |
|
ΔMc (SE; 95% CI) | P value | d | ||
| Posttraumatic maladaptive beliefs (PMBSd) | |||||||||
|
|
CRe | −15.07 (2.26; −19.50 to −10.64) | <.001 f | −0.73 | CR vs EXPOg | 3.66 (3.05; −2.31 to 9.63) | .23 | 0.20 | |
|
|
EXPO | −11.41 (1.93; −15.19 to −7.64) | <.001 | −0.74 | EXPO vs WAITh | 10.57 (2.23; 6.19 to 14.95) | <.001 | 0.77 | |
|
|
WAIT | −0.84 (1.14; −3.08 to 1.39) | .46 | −0.07 | CR vs WAIT | 14.22 (2.51; 9.30 to 19.15) | <.001 | 0.86 | |
| Trauma-related guilt (TRGIi) | |||||||||
|
|
CR | −0.44 (0.09; −0.62 to −0.26) | <.001 | −0.60 | CR vs EXPO | 0.07 (0.14; −0.21 to 0.34) | .64 | 0.08 | |
|
|
EXPO | −0.37 (0.11; −0.58 to −0.16) | .001 | −0.41 | EXPO vs WAIT | 0.26 (0.12; 0.02 to 0.51) | .03 | 0.34 | |
|
|
WAIT | −0.11 (0.06; −0.23 to 0.01) | .09 | −0.18 | CR vs WAIT | 0.33 (0.11; 0.12 to 0.54) | .002 | 0.49 | |
| Anxiety symptom severity (GAD-7j) | |||||||||
|
|
CR | −5.34 (0.69; −6.70 to −3.98) | <.001 | −0.89 | CR vs EXPO | 0.30 (1.01; −1.68 to 2.28) | .77 | 0.05 | |
|
|
EXPO | −5.04 (0.69; −6.38 to −3.69) | <.001 | −0.87 | EXPO vs WAIT | 2.95 (0.82; 1.33 to 4.56) | <.001 | 0.56 | |
|
|
WAIT | −2.09 (0.46; −2.98 to −1.19) | <.001 | −0.44 | CR vs WAIT | 3.25 (0.83; 1.63 to 4.87) | <.001 | 0.60 | |
| Depressive symptom severity (PHQ-9k) | |||||||||
|
|
CR | −7.75 (0.86; −9.43 to −6.07) | <.001 | −1.10 | CR vs EXPO | 1.14 (1.16; −1.13 to 3.41) | .33 | 0.16 | |
|
|
EXPO | −6.61 (0.80; −8.17 to −5.04) | <.001 | −0.95 | EXPO vs WAIT | 4.06 (0.94; 2.23 to 5.90) | <.001 | 0.67 | |
|
|
WAIT | −2.55 (0.49; −3.50 to −1.59) | <.001 | −0.50 | CR vs WAIT | 5.20 (0.99; 3.25 to 7.15) | <.001 | 0.85 | |
| Somatoform symptom severity (PHQ-15l) | |||||||||
|
|
CR | −2.80 (0.64; −4.04 to −1.55) | <.001 | −0.50 | CR vs EXPO | 0.44 (0.90; −1.33 to 2.21) | .62 | 0.08 | |
|
|
EXPO | −2.36 (0.62; −3.58 to −1.13) | <.001 | −0.43 | EXPO vs WAIT | 2.12 (0.75; 0.65 to 3.58) | .005 | 0.44 | |
|
|
WAIT | −0.24 (0.40; −1.02 to 0.55) | .55 | −0.06 | CR vs WAIT | 2.56 (0.77; 1.06 to 4.06) | .001 | 0.52 | |
| Quality of life (EUROHIS-QOL-8m) | |||||||||
|
|
CR | 5.18 (0.74; 3.72 to 6.64) | <.001 | 0.83 | CR vs EXPO | −1.19 (1.10; −3.35 to 0.98) | .28 | −0.19 | |
|
|
EXPO | 3.99 (0.74; 2.53 to 5.45) | <.001 | 0.66 | EXPO vs WAIT | −2.63 (0.85; −4.29 to −0.96) | .002 | −0.51 | |
|
|
WAIT | 1.36 (0.41; 0.56 to 2.17) | .001 | 0.33 | CR vs WAIT | −3.81 (0.85; −5.48 to −2.15) | <.001 | −0.72 | |
aAll estimates were pooled across 100 imputed data sets.
bM: change score (mean change in raw score units of the questionnaire).
cΔM: difference between group-specific means of change scores.
dPMBS: Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale.
eCR: cognitive restructuring treatment.
fSignificant P values.
gEXPO: exposure treatment.
hWAIT: waitlist control group.
iTRGI: Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory.
jGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7.
kPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire–9.
lPHQ-15: Patient Health Questionnaire–15.
mEUROHIS-QOL-8: EUROHIS Quality of Life 8-item index.