. 2023 Dec 7;12:e123. doi: 10.1017/jns.2023.88

Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios describing the association between the number of locations parents reported exposure to unhealthy food marketing and examined outcomes, stratified by country (n 5764)

	Canada	Australia	United Kingdom	United States	Mexico
Outcomes	AOR (95 %CI)	AOR (95 %CI)	AOR (95 %CI)	AOR (95 %CI)	AOR (95 %CI)
Child ownership of Happy Meal or fast-food toys	1⋅049 (0⋅978–1⋅125)	1⋅219 (1⋅137–1⋅308)^*	1⋅134 (1⋅059–1⋅215)^*	1⋅143 (1⋅075–1⋅215)^*	1⋅053 (1⋅011–1⋅097)^*
Child ownership of branded merchandise with logos for unhealthy food products	1⋅210 (1⋅114–1⋅315)^*	1⋅274 (1⋅162–1⋅397)^*	1⋅245 (1⋅154–1⋅344)^*	1⋅127 (1⋅068–1⋅189)^*	1⋅070 (1⋅032–1⋅108)^*
Child request for unhealthy food with licenced characters	1⋅237 (1⋅139–1⋅344)^*	1⋅313 (1⋅224–1⋅408)^*	1⋅355 (1⋅258–1⋅459)^*	1⋅201 (1⋅128–1⋅280)^*	1⋅128 (1⋅087–1⋅170)^*
Child request for unhealthy food with spokes-characters	1⋅267 (1⋅170–1⋅372)^*	1⋅293 (1⋅201–1⋅393)^*	1⋅323 (1⋅233–1⋅420)^*	1⋅229 (1⋅153–1⋅310)^*	1⋅127 (1⋅081–1⋅175)^*
Parental purchase of unhealthy food products with licenced characters	1⋅140 (1⋅062–1⋅225)^*	1⋅241 (1⋅154–1⋅335)^*	1⋅263 (1⋅171–1⋅362)^*	1⋅165 (1⋅097–1⋅237)^*	1⋅051 (1⋅016–1⋅088)^*
Parental purchase of unhealthy food products with spokes-characters	1⋅177 (1⋅091–1⋅271)^*	1⋅218 (1⋅131–1⋅311)^*	1⋅255 (1⋅163–1⋅354)^*	1⋅184 (1⋅114–1⋅259)^*	1⋅089 (1⋅047–1⋅132)^*
Children's weekly consumption
Moderate or high consumption (low consumption as reference)
Sugary drinks
Fast-food	0⋅927 (0⋅861–0⋅998)	0⋅939 (0⋅883–1⋅000)	0⋅892 (0⋅831–0⋅957)^*	0⋅970 (0⋅912–1⋅030)	0⋅990 (0⋅948–1⋅033)
Sugary cereals	0⋅935 (0⋅873–1⋅002)	0⋅928 (0⋅876–0⋅984)^*	0⋅874 (0⋅815–0⋅938)^*	0⋅892 (0⋅825–0⋅963)^*	0⋅981 (0⋅946–1⋅018)
Snacks	0⋅948 (0⋅886–1⋅014)	0⋅934 (0⋅875–0⋅997)	0⋅889 (0⋅835–0⋅946)^*	0⋅978 (0⋅918–1⋅014)	0⋅970 (0⋅922–1⋅021)
Dessert	0⋅958 (0⋅891–1⋅031)	0⋅901 (0⋅831–0⋅976)^*	0⋅905 (0⋅842–0⋅973)^*	0⋅959 (0⋅903–1⋅019)	1⋅014 (0⋅977–1⋅053)
Candy	0⋅957 (0⋅886–1⋅032)	0⋅937 (0⋅872–1⋅008)	0⋅992 (0⋅914–1⋅077)	0⋅977 (0⋅916–1⋅043)	1⋅001 (0⋅962–1⋅040)
High consumption (low and moderate consumption as reference)	0⋅947 (0⋅883–1⋅016)	0⋅930 (0⋅865–1⋅001)	1⋅016 (0⋅943–1⋅093)	0⋅939 (0⋅886–0⋅996)^*	0⋅996 (0⋅959–1⋅035)
Sugary drinks
Fast-food	0⋅963 (0⋅871–1⋅066)	0⋅937 (0⋅871–1⋅001)	0⋅947 (0⋅882–1⋅017)	0⋅933 (0⋅882–0⋅987)^*	1⋅029 (0⋅980–1⋅080)
Sugary cereals	0⋅934 (0⋅827–1⋅054)	0⋅927 (0⋅854–1⋅005)	0⋅843 (0⋅766–0⋅928)^*	0⋅888 (0⋅819–0⋅965)^*	1⋅000 (0⋅919–1⋅088)
Snacks	0⋅929 (0⋅843–1⋅025)	0⋅929 (0⋅859–1⋅005)	0⋅889 (0⋅835–0⋅946)^*	0⋅944 (0⋅886–1⋅005)	0⋅992 (0⋅950–1⋅035)
Dessert	0⋅964 (0⋅908–1⋅023)	0⋅915 (0⋅854–0⋅980)^*	0⋅858 (0⋅792–0⋅931)^*	0⋅894 (0⋅839–0⋅953)^*	1⋅049 (0⋅984–1⋅118)
Candy	0⋅976 (0⋅887–1⋅074)	0⋅941 (0⋅881–1⋅005)	0⋅898 (0⋅831–0⋅970)^*	0⋅896 (0⋅824–0⋅975)^*	1⋅018 (0⋅967–1⋅071)

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

P-value (P < 0⋅05) considered significant according to the Benjamini–Hochberg method; models included the number of locations of parental exposure and were adjusted for the presence of children aged 5 years and under, 6–12 years, and 12–17 years, perceived income adequacy, and parental sex, age, ethnicity, and education.