. 2023 Dec 27;12:e128. doi: 10.1017/jns.2023.111

Table 1.

Description of Healthcare-based food assistance programmes

First author, year	Location in U.S.	Type of healthcare institution	Programme overview	Programme participation duration	Patient eligibility
Adams, 2021⁽³²⁾ & Dunn, 2021⁽³³⁾	Revere, MA	Community Healthcare system	Free produce market	Ongoing	No eligibility requirements
Aiyer, 2019⁽³⁴⁾	North Pasadena, TX	Federally qualified health center	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	6 months	18+, Food insecure based on two-question clinic screener, residing in one of three target zip codes
Beck, 2014⁽³⁵⁾	Cincinnati, OH	Urban academic pediatric primary care clinic adjacent to Cincinnati Children's Medical Center	Screening, Provision of Infant Formula, Referral	Ongoing	Families with children <12 months with food insecurity (answered yes to at least one of two screening questions), or failure to thrive. Clinical provider given latitude to deem eligible.
Berkowitz, 2021⁽³⁶⁾ & Xie, 2021⁽³⁷⁾	North Carolina	Nine primary care clinics (primarily Federally qualified health centers)	SNAP subsidy for fruits and vegetables	6 months	18+, current SNAP beneficiaries and identified by staff at primary care clinic as ‘likely to benefit from programme b/c of health status’
Blitstein, 2020⁽³⁸⁾	‘Large Midwest City’	Federally qualified health centers	Screening, referral, nutrition education, enrollment assistance	Ongoing	Diagnosis of diabetes [All participants received intervention regardless of food insecurity status]
Bryce, 2017⁽³⁹⁾	Detroit, MI	Federally qualified health center	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	13 weeks	FQHC patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, pregnant or with children, and have limited access to fruits and vegetables
Cavanagh, 2017⁽⁴⁰⁾	Upstate NY	Community clinic	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	13 weeks, can receive additional 13 weeks if all coupons used	Low income persons with at risk or with obesity, hypertension, or diabetes
Cohen, 2017⁽⁴¹⁾ & 2019⁽⁴²⁾	Ypsilanti, MI	Ypsilanti Health Center primary care clinic	Waiting room intervention encouraging Double Up Food Bucks use	One-time	18+, currently SNAP enrolled, self-identified as a primary food shopper for household
Cook, 2021⁽⁴³⁾ & Newman, 2021⁽²³⁾	Atlanta, Athens, Augusta, GA	Primary care clinics	Produce Prescription programme with nutrition education	6 months	SNAP-eligible and/or screen positive for food insecurity on USDA 2-item screener and diagnosed for one or more condition: overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidaemia
Esquivel, 2020⁽⁴⁴⁾	Rural community near Honolulu, HI	Federally qualified health center pediatric clinic	Fruit and vegetable prescription program, on-site farmer's market (pre-existing)	3 months	Children aged 2–17 with ‘poor nutrition’ based on growth assessment or BMI% < 5 % or >85 %.
Ferrer, 2019⁽¹⁵⁾	San Antonio, TX	Primary care practice	Nutrition education and free box of food	6 months	A1c > 9 %, screen positive for food insecurity on Hunger Vital Sign
Gany, 2020⁽¹²⁾	NYC, NY	Outpatient Cancer Clinics	Co-located medically-tailored food pantries at clinics	Throughout treatment/Ongoing	Screen positive for food insecurity on USDA household food insecurity survey
Ghouse, 2020⁽⁴⁵⁾	Michigan	Primary care clinic	Nutrition education and free bag of food	6 weeks	Pre-diabetic (A1c 5⋅7–6⋅4 %), screen positive for food insecurity using USDA 5-item, able to converse in English
Greenthal, 2019⁽⁴⁶⁾	Northeastern US	Academic urban safety-net hospital	Medically-tailored food pantry	Ongoing	Patients who screen positive for food insecurity in hospital's outpatient clinics
Hager, 2020⁽⁴⁷⁾	Minneapolis, MN	Safety-net Medical Center hospital, outpatient clinics, and community primary care clinics	EMR Hunger Vital Sign screening and auto-faxed referral to food bank partner, food bank calls patient to provide assistance with obtaining food assistance in the community	One-time	Screen positive for food insecurity on Hunger Vital Sign
Izumi, 2020⁽⁴⁸⁾	Multnomah County, OR	Federally qualified health center safety-net clinic	Subsidised Community-Supported Agriculture	23 weeks	English and Spanish-speaking who receive services at the FQHC.
Jones, 2020⁽⁴⁹⁾	Navajo Nation, NM	19 HC facilities in Navajo Nation (range from small clinics to hospitals)	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	6 months	Families with pregnant woman or children </=6 years. Some sites used Indian Health Services Food Insecurity Screening Questionnaire to specifically enroll food insecure families.
Knowles, 2018⁽⁵⁰⁾	Philadelphia, PA	Academic medical center pediatric primary care outpatient clinics	Screening, Referral, Benefits eligibility screening and application assistance	One-time	Pediatric patients of center clinics who screen positive for food insecurity
Kulie, 2021⁽⁵¹⁾	Washington, DC	Urban academic Emergency Department	Screening, Referral	One-time	18+, non-life threatening emergency severity index score, insured by DC Medicaid and approved for ED discharge, English-speaking
Milliron, 2017⁽⁵²⁾	North Carolina	Urban outpatient clinic (free or reduced price services)	Community garden	Ongoing	None
Mirsky, 2021⁽⁵³⁾	Revere, MA	Community-based academic medical center	On-site plant-based food pantry	12 weeks* original plan that was altered due to COVID-19 in March 2020	Food insecure with diagnosis of obesity, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus. Pilot pts were English-speaking only.
Morales, 2016⁽⁵⁴⁾	Chelsea, MA	Community health center	Screening, enrollment assistance and pantry info	One-time	Pregnant women 18+ receiving care at the health center
Paolantonio, 2020⁽⁵⁵⁾	NYC, NY	Four cancer clinics	Food voucher program	6 months	18+, able to answer survey questions in English or Spanish, living independently, score low or very low for food insecurity on the USDA Household Food Security Screener, be within 2 weeks of starting radiation or 1 month of starting chemo. Those receiving or applying for SNAP were ineligible.
Sastre, 2021⁽¹⁸⁾	Greenville, NC	Academic medical center inpatient	Hospital-based Medical Food Pantry	One-time	Screen positive for food insecurity on Hunger Vital Sign
Saxe-Custack, 2018⁽⁵⁶⁾ & 2019⁽⁵⁷⁾	Flint, MI	University-affiliated residency training pediatric clinic	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	Ongoing	All pediatric patients of practice [all receive Rx regardless of need]
Schlosser, 2019a⁽⁵⁸⁾; Schlosser, 2019b⁽⁵⁹⁾; & Joshi, 2019⁽⁶⁰⁾	Cuyahoga County, OH	Three safety-net clinics	Produce Prescription Program	3 months	Patient of clinic positive for food insecurity on 2-item screen and diagnosis of hypertension
Slagel, 2021⁽⁶¹⁾	Athens, GA	‘Clinics’	Produce Prescription programme with nutrition education	6 months	18+, SNAP-eligible or otherwise underserved, with a dx of at least one condition: overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidaemia
Smith, 2017⁽⁶²⁾	San Diego, CA	Student-run free clinic associated with medical school	Food Insecurity Screening and Referral with federal programme sign-up assistance, food provided only for patients with DM	One-time; *Patients with diabetes received food bag monthly for unknown amount of time	18+ and patient of student-run free clinics
Stenmark, 2018⁽⁶³⁾	Colorado	Two pediatric clinics	Screening, Referral, Assistance signing up for fed asst programmes	One-time	Patient of clinic, screen positive for food insecurity on Hunger Vital Sign
Stotz, 2019⁽⁶⁴⁾	Georgia	Safety-net clinic	Nutrition education, 12-week receipt of one bag of locally-grown produce	12 weeks	Adults eligible for SNAP-Ed living in households below 185 % federal poverty level (as evidenced by enrollment in safety-net clinic) and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, &/or hyperlipidaemia
Veldheer, 2021⁽⁶⁵⁾	Reading, PA	Primary care clinic in community-based hospital	Fruit and vegetable prescription program	7 months	A1c >= 7 %, adults >18 years, BMI >= 25
Walker, 2021⁽⁶⁶⁾	‘Large metropolitan region in Ohio’	Two community-based family medicine practices within an academic medical center	Screening, Referral, Vouchers	90 days	18+, patients of primary care clinics, screen positive for food insecurity, and meet clinical criteria, including diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, HgbA1c > 9 %, or pregnant w/ gestational diabetes
Weinstein, 2014⁽⁶⁷⁾	Bronx, NY	Primary care or diabetes clinics at urban public hospital	Nutrition education and food voucher	One-time	>18 years and established patient on clinics, with diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, BMI > 25, A1c > 7 %
Wetherill, 2018⁽⁶⁸⁾	Oklahoma	Two academic medical center-affiliated free clinics	Nutrition education and free box of food	6 months	Any patient of affiliated clinics
Wynn, 2021⁽⁶³⁾	Cook County, IL	Large urban academic medical center – three inpatient units for pilot	Screening for SDOH, paper referral, bag of non-perishable food	One-time	Inpatient on participating floors, screen positive for food insecurity on Hunger Vital Sign