Table 3.
Associations between covariates and cluster memberships
| Cluster 1: recurring unemployment | Cluster 3: rehabilitation spells, recurring SA and unemployment | Cluster 4: unknown sources of income | Cluster 5: permanent disability pension after a prolonged SA | Cluster 6: temporary disability pension after a prolonged SA | |
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.06 | 1.28** | 0.95 | 0.61*** | 0.78* |
| Age group | |||||
| 18–30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 31–40 | 1.84*** | 1.22 | 0.89 | 2.97*** | 2.82*** |
| 41–50 | 2.78*** | 1.53*** | 0.75* | 10.85*** | 4.82*** |
| 51–59 | 3.08*** | 1.60*** | 1.01 | 40.40*** | 4.97*** |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unmarried | 1.64*** | 1.04 | 1.28* | 1.40** | 1.32* |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.63*** | 1.17 | 1.40** | 1.45** | 1.48** |
| Municipality of residence | |||||
| Urban municipality | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Semiurban municipality | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.79* |
| Rural municipality | 0.75*** | 0.74** | 0.87 | 0.81* | 0.63*** |
| Immigrant background | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.41*** | 1.49** | 0.58** | 0.67 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Upper tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Lower tertiary | 1.11 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.93 | 0.96 |
| Secondary | 1.73*** | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.87** | 1.66* |
| Primary | 2.67*** | 0.94 | 1.93** | 2.66*** | 1.72* |
| Unemployment days during 2 years before SA | |||||
| Less than 6 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 6–12 months | 1.29* | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.55* | 1.51* |
| Over 12 months | 2.05*** | 1.39** | 1.13 | 3.00*** | 2.03*** |
| Employment days during 2 years before SA | |||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| at least 1 day, less than 6 months | 0.34*** | 0.46*** | 0.30*** | 0.29*** | 0.63*** |
| 6–12 months | 0.22*** | 0.35*** | 0.17*** | 0.18*** | 0.45*** |
| Over 12 months | 0.15*** | 0.27*** | 0.12*** | 0.16*** | 0.33*** |
| Rejected DP applications during the follow-up | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5.14*** | 15.41*** | 6.73*** | 3.19*** | 4.03*** |
| Chronic diseases | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.20** | 1.51*** | 1.61*** | 2.53*** | 2.48*** |
| SA diagnosis group | |||||
| Mental SA | 1.54*** | 3.45*** | 2.11*** | 3.14*** | 6.71*** |
| Musculoskeletal SA | 1.08 | 1.61*** | 0.71** | 1.03 | 1.87*** |
| Other diagnosis SA | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Multinomial logistic regression model, cluster 2 as the reference cluster. All variables mutually adjusted for (N=12 639).
Bold indicates statistically significant events.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
DP, disability pension; SA, sickness absence .