Table 1.
Characteristics of American Indian participants according to their status of incident depression by the end of 5-year follow-up in the Strong Heart Family Study (n = 1248).
| Characteristics | All (n = 1248) | Cases (n = 200) | Non-cases (n = 1048) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.4 ± 14.0 | 38.1 ± 13.5 | 42.0 ± 14.0 | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 751 (60.2%) | 133 (66.5%) | 618 (59.0%) | 0.042 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.5 ±7.0 | 31.8 ±7.5 | 31.4 ±6.9 | 0.503 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 461 (36.9%) | 90 (45.0%) | 371 (35.4%) | 0.012 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 748 (59.9%) | 127 (63.5%) | 621 (59.3%) | 0.308 |
| Education higher than high school, n (%) | 551 (44.2%) | 65 (32.5%) | 486 (46.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 375 (30.0%) | 57 (28.5%) | 318 (30.3%) | 0.605 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 212 (17.0%) | 39 (19.5%) | 173 (16.5%) | 0.580 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 11 (0.9%) | 3 (1.5%) | 8 (0.8%) | 0.318 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 13 (1.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 11 (1.0%) | 0.945 |
| Presence of chronic diseases, n (%) | 469 (37.6%) | 76 (38.0%) | 393 (37.5%) | 0.894 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 103.4 ±30.7 | 96.7 ±31.0 | 104.7 ±30.5 | 0.002 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.0 ± 14.6 | 52.3 ± 15.3 | 52.0 ± 14.4 | 0.798 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.2 ±35.2 | 180.3 ±35.4 | 188.5 ±35.0 | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 164.3 ± 123.2 | 162.4 ±113.1 | 164.6 ± 125.1 | 0.814 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 106.8 ±41.1 | 107.9 ±51.6 | 106.6 ±38.8 | 0.709 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.3 ± 15.7 | 121.3 ± 15.4 | 123.7 ± 15.7 | 0.048 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.7 ± 10.7 | 76.4 ± 10.8 | 78.0 ± 10.6 | 0.070 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 112.9 ± 17.7 | 116.0 ±20.0 | 112.3 ± 17.2 | 0.028 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 6.7 ± 10.4 | 7.9 ± 13.5 | 6.5 ± 9.7 | 0.119 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 377.8 ±87.1 | 377.2 ±91.1 | 377.9 ± 86.4 | 0.914 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 43 (3.4%) | 6 (3.0%) | 37 (3.5%) | 0.698 |
| Use of antidepressants, n (%) | 36 (2.9%) | 7 (3.5%) | 29 (2.8%) | 0.571 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variables were expressed as n (%). P-values were obtained by generalized estimating equation (GEE) model accounting for family relatedness. Cases: participants who developed incident depression over 5-year follow-up; Non-cases: participants who remained to be free of depression over 5-year follow-up. Presence of chronic diseases was defined as participants who had one or more of these conditions (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease), while absence was defined as those without any of these conditions.
BMI body mass index, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate.