Table 2.

Intraoperative characteristics in the LPD and OPD groups.

Characteristic	LPD group	OPD group	P
Operative time (minutes, mean ± SD)	450.39 ± 96.96	391.74 ± 85.32	0.035
Estimated blood loss volume (mL, median (IQR))	100 (100, 285)	200 (200, 300)	0.042
R0 resection (cases (%))	22 (95.7)	20 (87.0)	0.601
Lymph node enlargement (cases (%))	12 (52.2)	18 (78.3)	0.063
Tumor diameter (cm, median (IQR))	2 (2, 2.5)	3 (2, 3.5)	0.003
Invasion of the superior mesenteric vein (cases (%))	2 (8.7)	4 (17.4)	0.662

LPD, laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy; OPD, open pancreaticoduodenectomy; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.