TABLE 1. SARS-CoV-2 rebound literature review* inclusion and exclusion criteria — February 1, 2020–November 29, 2023.

Characteristic	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Publication type	Peer-reviewed	Preprints Conference abstracts Editorials
Characteristic	Published in English Explicitly stated a focus on “rebound” SARS-CoV-2 infection	Published in any other language Not focused on “rebound” All other pathogens such as influenza
Study type	Randomized control trials Prospective or retrospective cohort studies Case control studies Case series of two or more patients	Case reports of single patients
Population	Adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection	Animal studies
Interventions	Treatment of COVID-19 with oral antivirals No treatment of COVID-19	Treatment with ancillary medications or medications not recommended for COVID-19 treatment such as corticosteroids, ivermectin, and anticoagulation.
Outcomes	Prevalence, hospitalizations, deaths, resistance, recovery, and immune response	Adverse events and side effects

* The CDC library conducted a search for studies published during February 1, 2020–November 29, 2023 using the following terms: “Paxlovid rebound,” “SARS-CoV-2 viral rebound,” “SARS-CoV-2 rebound,” “nirmatrelvir/ritonavir rebound,” “molnupiravir rebound,” “SARS-CoV-2 infection rebound,” “SARS-CoV-2 viral load rebound,” “rebound phenomenon,” “SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics,” “SARS-CoV-2 virologic rebound,” and “SARS-CoV-2 clinical rebound.” Databases queried were PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar.