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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 28.
Published in final edited form as: Neurocrit Care. 2022 Nov 23;38(3):688–697. doi: 10.1007/s12028-022-01638-5

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

TNF-α production by microglia after inflammatory stimulation, without and with dexmedetomidine treatment. LPS and Poly I:C stimulation increased the overall expression of TNF-α in microglia (naive vs LPS mean difference = 615.9 pg/mL ± 15.96, p < 0.0001; naive vs Poly I:C mean difference = 84.04 ± 15.96, p = 0.0005). The DAMP mediator did not induce a detectable difference in TNF-α. DEX treatment reduced TNF-α expression in LPS-stimulated microglia (mean difference = 121.5 ± 15.96 pg/mL; p<0.0001). In naïve, Poly I:C-stimulated, and DAMP-stimulated microglia, there were no differences in TNF expression after DEX treatment. Overall, DEX treatment significantly reduced TNF-α expression in cultures (2-way ANOVA, difference between predicted means = 28.94 ± 8.491, p<0.0001). (n = 3 for each treatment group; **** - p<0.0001)