(A&B) Knockdown of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL in CuFi-ALI. (A) Schematic diagram shows the development of gene knockdown of CuFi-ALI cultures. (B) Western blotting validated the knockdown of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL in CuFi-ALI cultures. (C&D) SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gene silenced CuFi-ALI cultures were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 2. Basolateral media were daily measured for LDH release from 1 to 7 days post-infection (C). The actual values at OD490nm values are shown. At 7 dpi, the TEER of infected ALI cultures was measured (D). All data were shown as means ± SD of three replicates. Student’s t-test was used to calculate the P values. Time points that had statistical significance are marked.