Table 3.
Cytokine and chemokine receptor inhibitors for COPD.
| S. no. | Inhibitor/drug | Mechanism/effect | Clinical progress | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tocilizumab | IL-6 inhibitor | Clinical trials need further study | [159] |
|
| ||||
| 2 | Canakinumab | IL-1β inhibitor | Phase I/II RDBPCES | [160] |
|
| ||||
| 3 | Infliximab | TNF-α inhibitor | No effect (NCT00056264) |
[161–163] |
|
| ||||
| 4 | Etanercept | TNF-α inhibitor | 90 Days treatment of COPD (NCT00789997) | [164] |
|
| ||||
| 5 | AZD4818 | CCR1 inhibitor | No effect (NCT00629239) |
[165] |
|
| ||||
| 6 | AZD2423 | CCR1 inhibitor | A study completed statistical analysis not released (NCT012115279) |
[166] |
|
| ||||
| 7 | Navarixin (MK-7123) |
CXCR2 inhibitor | 6 Months of study. Improvement in FEV1 (NCT01006616) (NCT00441701) | [166, 167] |
|
| ||||
| 8 | AZD5069 | CXCR2 inhibitor | 4 Weeks treatment (NCT01233232) |
[166] |
|
| ||||
| 9 | BIIL 284 | LTB4 receptor inhibitor | Clinical study done (NCT02249247) (NCT02249338) |
[168] |
|
| ||||
| 10 | Zileuton | 5-LO inhibitor | No effect in treatment (NCT00493974) |
[169] |
|
| ||||
| 11 | Mepolizumab | IL-5 inhibitor | 26–52 Weeks treatment (NCT02105948, NCT01463644, NCT02105961) |
[170] |
|
| ||||
| 12 | Benralizumab | IL-5Rα inhibitor | No effect (NCT01227278) |
[171] |
|
| ||||
| 13 | Lebrikizumab | IL-13 inhibitor | Decline in COPD exacerbation and lung function (NCT02546700) |
[172, 173] |