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. 2023 Dec 28;13:23092. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50252-8

Table 2.

Comparison of demographics and psychological factors (depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and suicide risk).

Variables Depression
(K-BDI-II)
Anxiety
(K-BAI)
Sleep quality (ISI) Suicide risk (MINI)
M (SD)
or r
p M (SD)
or r
p M (SD)
or r
p M (SD)
or r
p
Sexa
 Male 14.3 (9.9) .143 7.9 (7.8) .133 4.5 (4.6) .102 1.7 (3.1) .205
 Female 17.2 (13.3) 10.8 (11.9) 5.8 (5.7) 2.4 (3.6)
Religiona
 Yes 13.7 (10.3) .065 7.7 (7.2) .177 4.8 (5.0) .921 1.7 (2.8) .685
 No 16.5 (11.8) 9.8 (11.3) 4.7 (4.8) 1.9 (3.4)
Care givera
 Family 14.6 (10.6) .577 8.6 (8.3) .875 4.8 (4.8) .928 1.6 (2.7) .155
 Paid caregiver 15.4 (11.1) 8.4 (10.0) 4.7 (5.1) 2.3 (3.8)
Marital statusa
 Married 15.0 (10.9) .942 8.0 (7.0) .353 4.5 (4.4) .380 1.5 (2.9) .023
 Unmarried 15.1 (10.7) 9.3 (10.0) 5.2 (5.8) 2.8 (3.8)
Employment statusa
 Yes 13.8 (10.7) .189 8.3 (7.8) .840 4.2 (4.6) .231 1.7 (3.3) .337
 No 15.8 (11.0) 8.6 (8.6) 5.1 (5.1) 2.1 (3.3)
AISa
 A 15.9 (11.4) .376 8.0 (9.9) .654 5.0 (4.7) .649 1.8 (3.2) .787
 B, C, D 14.6 (10.6) 8.7 (8.8) 4.7 (5.1) 1.9 (3.3)
Level of injurya
 Tetraplegia 15.9 (11.7) .185 9.8 (11.5) .066 5.0 (4.9) .473 2.2 (3.6) .150
 Paraplegia 14.0 (9.9) 7.3 (5.0) 4.5 (5.0) 1.5 (2.6)
Etiologya
 Traumatic 15.2 (10.9) .434 8.7 (9.9) .719 4.7 (4.8) .619 1.8 (3.3) .572
 Non-traumatic 14.0 (10.8) 8.1 (6.8) 5.1 (5.2) 2.1 (3.1)
Spasticitya
 Yes 16.7 (11.6) .125 9.3 (8.2) .474 5.0 (5.1) .670 2.4 (3.7) .111
 No 14.3 (10.5) 8.3 (9.3) 4.7 (4.8) 1.6 (3.0)
Paina
 Yes 15.1 (10.9) .835 8.9 (8.6) .434 5.0 (4.9) .415 1.8 (2.7) .650
 No 14.8 (10.9) 7.7 (9.9) 4.4 (4.9) 2.0 (4.2)
 Ageb 0.07 .257 0.04 .645 0.08 .229 − 0.153 .024
 Time duration from the injuryb 0.12 .069 0.13 .079 0.06 .421 0.043 .529

ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; K-BAI, Korean Beck Anxiety Index; K-BDI-II, Korean Beck Depression Inventory II; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; SD, standard deviation.

Tests: aStudent’s t-test, bPearson’s r correlation. Bold values: p < .05.