Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Means (standard error) or percentage |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | 39.07 (0.28) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.78 (0.16) |
| DASH | 2.30 (0.03) |
| LumbarSpineBMD (g/cm2) | 1.04 (0.01) |
| PelvicBMD (g/cm2) | 1.25 (0.01) |
| ThoracicSpineBMD (g/cm2) | 0.82 (0.01) |
| Total BMD (g/cm2) | 1.11 (0.01) |
| Sex (%) | |
| Male | 51.82 |
| Female | 48.18 |
| Race (%) | |
| Mexican American | 9.85 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 63.40 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.79 |
| Other Race | 15.97 |
| Education level (%) | |
| Less than 9th grade | 3.16 |
| 9–11th grade (Includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 8.54 |
| High school graduate /GED or equivalent | 21.66 |
| Some college or AA degree | 33.13 |
| College graduate or above | 33.51 |
| Marital status (%) | |
| Married | 51.28 |
| Widowed | 1.12 |
| Divorced | 9.20 |
| Separated | 2.55 |
| Never married | 25.18 |
| Living with partner | 10.67 |
| Smoking status (%) | |
| Never | 60.23 |
| Former | 19.26 |
| Now | 20.50 |
| PIR (%) | |
| Low-income | 15.55 |
| Middle-income | 48.20 |
| High-income | 36.25 |
| Hypertension (%) | |
| Yes | 25.90 |
| No | 74.10 |
| Diabetes (%) | |
| Yes | 26.33 |
| No | 73.67 |
| Alcohol (%) | |
| Former | 8.11 |
| Heavy | 27.21 |
| Mild | 34.61 |
| Moderate | 20.76 |
| Never | 9.31 |
Notes: All values are presented as proportion (%), or mean(standard error).
PIR, ratio of family income to poverty; BMD, bone mineral density.