Table 2.
Cognitive assessments
| VBFM N = 38 | BFM N = 27 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention Mean (s.d., range) | Post-intervention Mean (s.d., range) | Pre-intervention Mean (s.d., range) | Post-intervention Mean (s.d., range) | ηp2 | |
| PCPT | |||||
| Number of Correct Responses | 113.17 (6.49, 98–120) |
110.56 (16.80, 41–120) |
111.28 (9.98, 89–120) |
115.81** (7.60, 92–120) |
0.046 |
| Correct Response RT (ms) | 494.96 (48.11, 397–584) |
500.69 (50.86, 418–607) |
505.33 (49.98, 433–620) |
493.06 (38.10, 434–564) |
0.011 |
| Number of False Positives | 14.13 (13.94, 1–51) |
14.59 (14.34, 0–60) |
8.56 (7.41, 1–27) |
10.88 (17.41, 0–72) |
0.008 |
| LNB Number of Correct Responses | |||||
| 0-Back Trials | 526.91 (128.35, 342–1038) |
507.09 (90.51, 328–755) |
512.75 (79.94, 415–676) |
481.00 (71.52, 389–635) |
0.001 |
| 1-Back Trials | 632.91 (190.71, 370–1215) |
655.39* (263.17, 329–1569) |
605.39 (111.94, 452–897) |
557.83 (95.01, 456–727) |
0.127† |
| 2-Back Trials | 672.02 (197.10, 455–1480) |
638.56 (260.02, 376–1386) |
638.08 (146.36, 415–968) |
564.07 (90.76, 405–749) |
0.013 |
| LNB Number of False Positives | |||||
| 0-Back Trials | 0.19 (0.40, 0–1) |
0.26 (0.45, 0–1) |
0.50 (0.99, 0–4) |
0.47 (0.92, 0–3) |
0.001 |
| 1-Back Trials | 0.33 (0.88, 0–4) |
0.19 (0.40, 0–1) |
0.33 (0.59, 0–2) |
0.33 (1.05, 0–4) |
0.010 |
| 2-Back Trials | 0.30 (0.82, 0–4) |
0.22 (0.70, 0–3) |
0.50 (0.92, 0–3) |
0.93 (1.44, 0–4) |
0.071 |
Note: PCPT, Penn Continuous Performance Test; LNB, Letter N-Back; RT, Response Time.
Pre- to post-intervention differences, within group: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Intervention group by time (pre- to post-intervention) interaction: † p < 0.05.