Table 1.

Composition and properties of clove essential oil.

Compound	Amount (%)	Chemical Structure	Properties	Uses & Application	References
Eugenol	74.28		Phenylpropanoid compound volatile in nature low water solubility	Antimicrobial Insecticidal Anti-inflammatory Wound healing Antioxidant Anticancerous against breast, prostate, colon, gastric, and skin cancer	[43]
β caryophyllene	24.8		Sesquiterpene Found in clove, hemp, black pepper, guava leaves Insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol	Anti-carcinogenic Anti-inflammatory Anxiolytic Antioxidant Anaesthetics effects Act as a Chemosensitizer	El saber et al., 2020
α humelene	3.1		Found in Senecio brasiliensis S. aromaticum L., Humulus lupulus L Sesquiterpene	Anti-tumour activity against in colon, prostate, lung, and breast cancer Antiproliferative activity Anticancerous bioactivities	[44]
Eugenol acetate	2.7		Phenylpropanoid Second in abundance in clove after eugenol Crystalline solid Yellowish fluid with fruity tint	Antimicrobial Anti-bacterial Use in perfumes because of volatile nature Anti-inflammatory	Hu et al., 2022
α Copaene	0.17		Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon Colourless, clear and viscous in nature	Antimicrobial Antiproliferative Anti-genotoxic Anti-oxidant Cytotoxic activity	[45]
Chavicol	0.08		Natural phenylpropene Organic compound Colourless liquid Found together with terpenes	Use in perfumes Act as analgesic Anti-inflammatory Anti-toxic	Kose et al., 2021
Methyl salicylate	0.20		Organic ester Colourless, viscous liquid having fruity tint	Flavoring agent Metabolite Antibacterial Ant irritant Antiproliferative	Alfkri et al., 2020
4-Allylanisole	0.13		Phenylpropene Natural organic compound Colourless liquid	Use in essential oil Perfume making Medicinal benefits Anticarcinogenic Antigenotoxic	Wei et al., 2016
Benzyl acetate	0.07		Organic ester Possess sweet and pleasant aroma	Application in personal hygiene and health care products Industrial use in extraction Anti-irritant Antimicrobial	[46]