Table 2.
Research subject base information form (external validation).
| Total | Training cohorts | External validation cohorts | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6876 | 5,303 | 1,573 | |
| Death = No/Yes (%) | 6092/784 (88.6/11.4) | 4690/613 (88.4/11.6) | 1402/171 (89.1/10.9) | 0.478 |
| ICU stay time, days (median [IQR]) | 3.54 [2.04, 6.71] | 3.38 [2.00, 6.33] | 3.99 [2.28, 7.49] | <0.001 |
| Age (median [IQR]) | 69.00 [58.00, 78.00] | 69.00 [58.00, 79.00] | 66.00 [55.00, 76.00] | <0.001 |
| Gender = Male/Female (%) | 4051/2825 (58.9/41.1) | 3142/2161 (59.2/40.8) | 909/664 (57.8/42.2) | 0.315 |
| Medical treatments, n (%) | ||||
| Sedatives = No/Yes | 2093/4783 (30.4/69.6) | 900/4403 (17.0/83.0) | 1193/380 (75.8/24.2) | <0.001 |
| Analgesic = No/Yes | 1867/5009 (27.2/72.8) | 492/4811 (9.3/90.7) | 1375/198 (87.4/12.6) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic = No/Yes | 2261/4615 (32.9/67.1) | 689/4614 (13.0/87.0) | 1572/1 (99.9/0.1) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressin = No/Yes | 6061/815 (88.1/11.9) | 4634/669 (87.4/12.6) | 1427/146 (90.7/9.3) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Myocardial infarct = No/Yes | 5709/1167 (83.0/17.0) | 4193/1110 (79.1/20.9) | 1516/57 (96.4/3.6) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure = No/Yes | 4855/2021 (70.6/29.4) | 3397/1906 (64.1/35.9) | 1458/115 (92.7/7.3) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease = No/Yes | 6029/847 (87.7/12.3) | 4468/835 (84.3/15.7) | 1561/12 (99.2/0.8) | <0.001 |
| Dementia = No/Yes | 6710/166 (97.6/2.4) | 5151/152 (97.1/2.9) | 1559/14 (99.1/0.9) | <0.001 |
| COPD = No/Yes | 5370/1506 (78.1/21.9) | 3814/1489 (71.9/28.1) | 1556/17 (98.9/1.1) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease = No/Yes | 6245/631 (90.8/9.2) | 4694/609 (88.5/11.5) | 1551/22 (98.6/1.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes = No/Yes | 6368/508 (92.6/7.4) | 4807/496 (90.6/9.4) | 1561/12 (99.2/0.8) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease = No/Yes | 5360/1516 (78.0/22.0) | 3935/1368 (74.2/25.8) | 1425/148 (90.6/9.4) | <0.001 |
| Severe score, median (IQR) | ||||
| SOFA | 7.00 [5.00, 9.00] | 7.00 [5.00, 9.00] | 7.00 [5.00, 9.00] | 0.043 |
| GCS | 13.00 [8.00, 14.00] | 13.00 [8.00, 14.00] | 11.00 [7.00, 14.00] | <0.001 |
| APSIII | 55.00 [40.00, 75.00] | 54.00 [39.00, 75.00] | 56.00 [42.00, 77.00] | <0.001 |
| Laboratory tests, median (IQR) | ||||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.80 [1.20, 2.60] | 1.80 [1.30, 2.60] | 1.70 [1.10, 2.80] | 0.011 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 127.75 [111.00, 145.29] | 128.25 [113.00, 145.07] | 124.00 [105.00, 146.00] | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.10 [0.79, 1.70] | 1.05 [0.75, 1.65] | 1.18 [0.82, 1.89] | <0.001 |
| BUN (K/uL) | 21.50 [14.50, 35.50] | 21.00 [14.50, 35.00] | 23.00 [14.00, 37.00] | 0.068 |
| Platelets (K/ul) | 177.00 [126.50, 246.00] | 180.00 [130.00, 249.00] | 167.00 [117.00, 236.00] | <0.001 |
| Potassium (K/ul) | 4.20 [3.85, 4.60] | 4.25 [3.90, 4.65] | 4.10 [3.60, 4.51] | <0.001 |
| Sodium (K/ul) | 138.50 [136.00, 141.00] | 138.50 [136.00, 141.00] | 139.00 [136.00, 142.00] | 0.029 |
| Bicarbonate (meq/L) | 23.00 [20.00, 25.50] | 23.00 [20.50, 25.50] | 23.00 [20.00, 25.00] | 0.006 |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 8.20 [7.70, 8.65] | 8.20 [7.80, 8.70] | 8.00 [7.40, 8.60] | <0.001 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 105.00 [101.00, 108.50] | 105.00 [101.00, 108.00] | 106.00 [102.00, 110.00] | <0.001 |
| HCT (%) | 10.90 [9.25, 14.40] | 10.10 [8.85, 11.50] | 30.60 [26.00, 35.90] | <0.001 |
| PTT (s) | 32.70 [28.10, 41.25] | 32.60 [28.10, 41.90] | 33.00 [28.20, 40.00] | 0.582 |
| WBC (K/uL) | 12.10 [8.70, 16.35] | 12.10 [8.85, 16.10] | 12.00 [8.14, 17.10] | 0.363 |
| INR | 1.30 [1.15, 1.55] | 1.30 [1.15, 1.55] | 1.30 [1.10, 1.60] | 0.383 |
| AG | 13.50 [11.00, 16.00] | 14.00 [12.00, 16.50] | 11.00 [8.00, 15.00] | <0.001 |
| MCH (pg) | 30.00 [28.50, 31.20] | 30.00 [28.60, 31.30] | 29.80 [28.10, 31.10] | <0.001 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 32.80 [31.70, 33.82] | 32.80 [31.60, 33.90] | 32.90 [31.90, 33.80] | 0.227 |
| MCV (fL) | 91.00 [87.00, 95.00] | 91.00 [87.00, 95.00] | 90.00 [86.00, 94.60] | <0.001 |
| RDW (%) | 15.10 [13.90, 16.80] | 15.10 [13.80, 16.70] | 15.30 [14.00, 17.10] | <0.001 |
| Vital signs, median (IQR) | ||||
| Heartrate (min−1) | 101.00 [84.00, 117.00] | 104.00 [90.00, 119.00] | 92.00 [79.00, 109.00] | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (min−1) | 26.00 [18.00, 31.00] | 27.00 [23.00, 32.00] | 19.00 [15.00, 24.00] | <0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.39 [35.78, 37.28] | 36.33 [35.61, 37.33] | 36.70 [36.20, 37.10] | <0.001 |