TABLE 2.

Description of active- and passive-study behaviors used by students

Behavior	Description	Examples	Active or Passive?
Self-testing	Retrieval of content knowledge using student-driven techniques	Flashcards, practice quizzes, practice problems/ questions	Active
Summarizing	Students identify main points of readings or notes	Creating study guide, summarizing notes	Active
Self-explanation	Explanation of how new information is processed during learning	Teaching content to others, making diagrams	Active
Repeated reading	Texts are read repetitively to enhance recall	Rereading textbook, rereading notes	Passive
Rewriting notes	Rewriting notes taken during lecture	Rewriting lecture notes as is	Passive
Rewatching videos	Viewing videos related to content	Viewing YouTube videos or previously recorded lecture videos	Passive