TABLE 5.

Final models to address each research question

Research Question	Active Model	Passive Model
RQ1: Are there differences in the use of study behaviors between students in lower-level and upper-level in different Biology courses?	glmer ( Active ∼ Course + [1 instructoranon/Student], family = poisson)	glmer ( Passive ∼ Course + [1instructoranon/Student], family = poisson)
RQ2: How do student–study behaviors change over the course of the semester?	glmer ( Active ∼ Exam # + Course + [1 instructoranon/Student], family = poisson)	glmer ( Passive ∼ Exam # + Course + [1 instructoranon/Student], family = poisson)
RQ3: What is the effect of each study behavior on student performance?	lme ( Score ∼ Active + Course, random = ∼1 instructoranon/Student)	lme ( Score ∼ Passive + Course, random = ∼1 instructoranon/Student)