Fig. 1.

Temperature profile and heat stress accumulation over time. In situ temperatures were recorded from January 2014 to April 2023 at a depth of 0.7 to 2.7 m in Kāne‘ohe Bay. Points indicate hourly measurements (metadata in SI Appendix, Table S1). Heat stress accumulation was estimated by DHW (gray shading) calculated from mean daily (24 h) temperatures. Black arrows indicate image collection, and gray arrows indicate image collection with physiological sampling. The dashed horizontal line indicates the Kāne‘ohe Bay’s climatological maximum monthly mean (MMM; 27.3 °C), and the solid horizontal line indicates the local coral bleaching threshold (MMM + 1 °C; 28.3 °C).