Table 3.
Risks for Ischemic Event Ipsilateral to CEA in Follow Up. Cox Regression Analysis Utilizing Significant Univariable Risks for Event for All Study Patients.
| Variable | Long Term Mortality (n) | Univariable P-Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Multivariable P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age | Age with ipsilateral neuro event LTFU | 69.05 (STDEV 8.92) | 0.192 | ||
| Age without ipsi neuro event LTFU | 69.74 (STDEV 9.10) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 1.0% (198/20823) | |||
| Female | 1.0% (96/9743) | 0.774 | |||
| Hx of smoking | No smoking | 1.0% (72/7535) | |||
| Yes smoking | 1.0% (222/23031) | 0.948 | |||
| Hx of HTN | No HTN | 1.6% (29/1803) | |||
| Yes HTN | 0.9% (265/28763) | 0.004 | 1.37 (0.93 - 2.01) | 0.111 | |
| Hx of DM | No DM | 1.0% (172/16700) | |||
| Yes DM | 0.9% (122/13866) | 0.181 | |||
| Hx of CHF | No CHF | 1.0% (246/23876) | 0.021 | 1.20 (0.88 - 1.64) | 0.247 |
| Yes CHF | 0.7% (48/6690) | ||||
| Hx of COPD | No COPD | 1.0% (224/22612) | 0.385 | ||
| Yes COPD | 0.9% (70/7954) | ||||
| Baseline renal insufficiency | No renal insufficiency | 0.9% (219/23525) | |||
| Yes renal insufficiency | 1.1% (75/7041) | 0.311 | |||
| Anemia at surgery | No anemia | 0.5% (126/27354) | |||
| Yes anemia | 5.2% (168/3212) | <0.001 | 4.28 (3.28 - 5.59) | <0.001 | |
| Preoperative aspirin | No preop ASA | 0.8% (33/3890) | |||
| Yes preop ASA | 1.0% (261/26676) | 0.437 | |||
| Preoperative statin | No preop statin | 1.2% (47/3842) | 0.076 | ||
| Yes preop statin | .9% (247/26724) | ||||
| Symptomatic carotid stenosis | No symptoms | 1.2% (283/23307) | <0.001 | 2.75 (1.47 - 5.16) | 0.002 |
| Yes symptoms | 0.2% (11/7259) | ||||
| Anesthesia groups | Local/Regional | 1.1% (23/2155) | 0.603 | ||
| General | 1.0% (271/28411) | ||||
| Contralateral carotid stenosis >70% | No contralateral stenosis | 1.1% (274/24376) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.64 - 1.70) | 0.876 |
| Yes contralateral stenosis | 0.3% (20/6190) | ||||
| Patch use | No patch use | 8.2% (201/2444) | <0.0001 | 10.62 (7.84 - 14.38) | <0.001 |
| Yes patch use | 0.3% (93/28122) | ||||
| Shunt use | No shunt use | 1.0% (154/15070) | |||
| Yes shunt use | 0.9% (140/15496) | 0.289 | |||
| Combined CABG and CEA | No combined CABG/CEA | 1.0% (271/27387) | |||
| Yes combine CABG/CEA | 0.7% (23/3137) | 0.164 | |||
| Return to OR | No reexploration | 0.9% (285/30048) | |||
| Yes reexploration | 1.9% (9/471) | 0.034 | 1.19 (0.81 - 2.32) | 0.615 | |
| EEG use | No EEG use | 0.7% (161/21798) | |||
| Yes EEG use | 1.5% (133/8708) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.98 - 1.58) | 0.069 | |
| Stump pressure | No stump pressure | 1.0% (283/26967) | <0.001 | 1.69 (0.92 - 3.12) | 0.094 |
| Yes stump pressure | 0.3%(11/3535) | ||||
| Postoperative MI | No postop MI | 1.0% (291/30252) | |||
| Yes postop MI | 1.0% (3/314) | 0.991 | |||
| Perioperative ischemic neuro event | Yes periop ischemic event | 1.0% (293/29979) | 0.047 | 5.83 (0.82 - 41.62) | 0.079 |
| No periop ischemic event | 0.2% (1/587) | ||||
| Dysrhythmia | No dysrhythmia | 1.0% (287/29 604) | 0.5 | ||
| Yes dysrhythmia | 0.8% (7/933) | ||||
| Postoperative CHF | No postop CHF | 1.0% (291/30295) | |||
| Yes postop CHF | 1.2% (3/243) | 0.663 | |||
| Cerebral reperfusion injury | No injury | 1.0% (294/30472) | |||
| Yes injury | 0 (0/62) | 0.437 | |||
| Antiplatelet on DC | No antiplatelet on DC | 0.7% (10/1488) | 0.24 | ||
| Yes antiplatelet on DC | 1.0% (284/29079) | ||||
| Statin on DC | No statin on DC | 3.2% (99/3124) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.09 - 1.86) | 0.01 |
| Yes statin on DC | 0.7% (195/27442) | ||||
| Statin at LTF | No statin at LTFU | 0.7% (73/9921) | |||
| Yes statin at LTFU | 1.1% (221/20645) | 0.005 | 1.66 (1.25 - 2.20) | <0.001 | |
| Smoking at LTF | No smoking at LTFU | 0.9% (231/25845) | |||
| Yes smoking at LTFU | 1.3% (63/4721) | 0.004 | 1.44 (1.08 - 1.91) | 0.012 | |
| Anticoagulation at LTFU | No anticoagulation at LTFU | 0.9% (248/28033) | |||
| Yes anticoagulation at LTF | 1.8% (46/2533) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.27 - 2.41) | <0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet at LTFU | No antiplatelet at LTFU | 1.0% (138/13478) | 0.324 | 1.26 (.99 - 1.60) | 0.063 |
| Yes antiplatelet at LTFU | 0.9% (156/17088) |
Abbreviations: CEA = carotid endarterectomy; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; Hx- = History of; CHF = Congestive Heart Failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; D/C = discharge; EEG = electroencephalogram; CAD = coronary artery disease; Revasc = revascularization; MI = myocardial infarction; LTFU = Long Term Follow Up.