Table 1. Population characteristics and context of studies included in the scoping review (N = 47).
| Author (year) | City, Country | Type | Setting | N | Average age (SD) | Female n (%) |
Assessment of dysphoric symptoms | Tool of assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontera et al., 52 (2022) | New York, USA | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 129 | 65 (-) | 48 (37.2) | Yes | MoCA |
| Miskowiak et al., 49 (2022) | Bispebjerg, Denmark | Longitudinal | Hospital | 25 | 56 (10.7) | 12 (48.0) | Yes | Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Danish Version; Trail Making Test Part B; Cognitive Failure Questionnaire |
| Crivelli et al., 18 (2022) | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Cross- Sectional |
Outpatient | 29 | 50 (43.6) | 22 (49.0) | Yes | Argentine version of the MoCA; Trail Making A; Digit Span Forwards; Digit-Symbol Coding; Craft Story 21; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall from the Benson Figure Test; Trail Making B; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop Test; Phonological fluency; Benson Figure; Clock Drawing Test; Multilingual Naming Test; Semantic fluency. |
| Pémille et al., 54 (2022) | Paris, France | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 13 | 62 (-) | 8 (61.5) | Yes | MMSE; Frontal Assessment Battery; 40 words oral naming test for language; Dubois five words test; Forwards and or Backwards Digit Spans; Similarities test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edition; Brixton test; Stroop Color-Word Test-Victoria version; categorical and lexical verbal fluencies. |
| Cristillo et al., 19 (2022) | Brescia, Italy | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 25 | 68.5 (11.1) | 7 (29.2) | Yes | MoCA |
| Larsson et al., 55 (2022) | Uppsala, Suécia | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 46 | 59 (-) | 5 (28.0) | Yes | MoCA |
| Kim et al., 56 (2021) | Daegu, South Korea | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 241 | – | 77 (32.0) | Yes | Self-report for cognitive impairment (loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning), difficulty concentrating, amnesia (memory loss and inability to recall facts, information and experiences) |
| Holdsworth et al., 35 (2022) | United Kingdom, England | Longitudinal | Community | 205 | 38.3 (-) | 34 (16.6) | Yes | The NIH Toolbox of Neurological and Behavioral Function. |
| Braga et al., 36 (2022) | Brasilia, Brazil | Longitudinal | Hospital and Outpatient | 614 | 47.6 (11.2) | 451 (73.0) | Yes | The Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions; NEUPSILIN; Clock Drawing Test |
| Carrillo-Garcia et al., 37 (2022) | Madrid, Spain | Longitudinal | Hospital | 165 | 88.5 (6.73) | 114 (69.1) | Yes | Red Cross Mental |
| Cecchetti et al., 38 (2022) | Milan, Italy | Longitudinal | Outpatient | 33 | 60.6 (12.9) | 8 (24.2) | Yes | Tests investigating the global cognition, executive functions, memory, visuospatial functions, language. |
| Ferrucci et al., 39 (2022) | Milan, Italy | Longitudinal | Hospital | 76 | 56.24 (12.1) | 20 (26.3) | Yes | MoCA; Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests; The Serial Recall Test; The Spatial Recall Test; The Symbol-Digit Modalities Test; The Paced Serial Additions Test; Word List Generation |
| Hadad et al., 40 (2022) | Haifa, Israel | Longitudinal | Community | 46 | 49.5 (11.5) | 30.0 (65.0) | No | MoCA |
| Jaquet et al., 57 (2022) | Paris, France | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 41 | 56.0 (-) | 10.0 (24.0) | Yes | MoCA |
| Liu et al., 58 (2022) | Wuhan, China | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 1.438 | – | 747 (51.9) | No | Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status-40; The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly |
| Mattioli et al., 59 (2021) | Brescia, Italy | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 215 | – | 135 (62.8) | No | MMSE; Cognitive Impairment Index; Controlled Oral Word Association; Rey figure copy and recall; California Verbal Learning Test; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test |
| Nersesjan et al., 62 (2022) | Copenhagen, Denmark | Prospective case-control | Hospital | 85 | 56.8 (14.0) | 36 (42.0) | Yes | MoCA |
| Ollila et al., 63 (2022) | Helsinki, Finland | Prospective controlled cohort | Hospital | 165 | – | 91 (55.1) | Yes | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV coding; Continuous Performance Test; Stroop Naming; Trail Making B; Stroop Interference; Frontal Assessment Battery; Wechsler Memory Scale version III; Rey Complex Figure |
| Stavem et al., 41 (2022) | Norway | Longitudinal | Hospital | 233 | 50.1 (14.8) | 137 (59.0) | Yes | Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; Motor screening test; Delayed matching to sample; One-touch Stockings of Cambridge; Rapid visual information processing; Spatial working memory. |
| Vannorsdall et al., 42 (2021) | Baltimore, USA | Longitudinal | Outpatient | 82 | 54.5 (14.6) | 48 (58.5) | Yes | Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; Oral Trail Making Test parts A and B; Number span task; Letter-cued verbal fluency; Category-cued verbal fluency. |
| Kay et al., 20 (2022) | Boston, Baltimore, Charlestown, USA and Aachen, Germany | Cross-sectional | Outpatient | 84 | – | 49 (58.3) | No | Comprehensive neuropsychological testing of each city. |
| Priftis et al., 21 (2022) | Pádua, Italy | Cross-sectional | Rehabilitation Unit | 22 | 58 (-) | 5 (22.7) | No | MMSE; Complex Rey figure (copy and delayed recall); Corsi forward and backward; Digit span forward and backward; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test; Semantic fluency; Trail making test; Stroop test; Wisconsin Card sorting test; Weigl's sorting test; Digit Symbol Modalities test; Phonemic fluency6 |
| Hartung et al., 60 (2022) | Germany | Prospective multicentre | Hospital | 969 | – | 535 (55.0) | Yes | MoCA |
| Del Brutto et al., 52 (2022) | Atahualpa, Ecuador | Longitudinal | Community | 78 | 62.7 (11.3) | 49 (62.8) | Yes | MoCA |
| Delgado-Alonso et al., 22 (2022) | Madrid, Spain | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 100 | 51.0 (11.6) | 37 (37.0) | Yes | Battery Vienna Test System® |
| Zhao et al., 23 (2022) | London, England | Cross- Sectional |
Community | 136 | 28.6 (9.7) | 54 (39.7) | Yes | Cognitive Failures Questionnaire |
| Latronico et al., 61 (2022) | Brescia, Italy | Longitudinal prospective | Hospital | 114 | – | 26 (22.8) | Yes | MoCA |
| Bonizzato et al., 44 (2022) | Mantua, Italy | Longitidinal | Rehabilitation Unit | 12 | 71.33 (10.0) | 5 (41.7) | Yes | MMSE and MoCA |
| Pilotto et al., 45 (2021) | Brescia, Italy | Longitudinal | Hospital | 165 | 64.8 (12.6) | 50 (30.3) | No | MoCA |
| Albu et al., 24 (2021) | Barcelona, Spain | Cross-Sectional | Rehabilitation Unit | 30 | 54 (-) | 11 (36.6) | Yes | Barcelona Test; Orientation Test Rey Auditory Verbal; Learning Test; Digit Span Backward subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; PMR task Number Span Backward |
| Alemanno et al., 46 (2021) | Milan, Italy | Longitudinal | Rehabilitation Unit | 87 | 67.2 (12.9) | 25 (28.7) | Yes | MMSE and MoCA |
| Becker et al., 25 (2021) | New York, USA | Cross- Sectional |
Outpatient, Emergency and Hospital | 740 | 49 (14.2) | 464 (62.7) | No | Digit Span Forward and Backward; Trail Making Test Part A and B; Phonemic and Category Verbal Fluency; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test– Revised. |
| Carrillo-Garcia et al., 47 (2021) | Madrid, Spain | Longitudinal | Hospital | 165 | 88.5 (6.7) | 114 (69.1) | No | Red Cross Mental Scale |
| Dressing et al., 48 (2022) | Freiburg, Germany | Longitudinal | Hospital | 31 | 54 (2.0) | 20 (64.5) | No | Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; Digit Span Forward and Backward; Trail Making Test Part A and B; Color-Word Interference Test; Symbol-Digit Modalities Test; Semantic and Letter Fluency Test |
| Hosp et al., 26 (2021) | Freiburg, Germany | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 29 | 65.2 (14.4) | 11 (37.9) | No | MoCA |
| Lamontagne et al., 27 (2021) | Canada e USA | Cross- Sectional |
Community | 50 | 30.8 (7.7) | 29 (58.0) | Yes | Attention Network Test |
| Liu et al., 28 (2021) | Wuhan, China | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 1,539 | 69 (-) | 801 (52.0) | No | Chinese version of the Telephone; Interview of Cognitive Status-40; Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. |
| Miskowiak et al., 34 (2021) | Bispebjerg, Denmark | Longitudinal | Hospital | 29 | 56.2 (10.6) | 12 (41.3) | No | Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Danish Version; Trail Making Test Part B; Cognitive Failure Questionnaire |
| Pistarin et al., 29 (2021) | Milan, Italy | Cross- Sectional |
Rehabilitation Unit | 40 | 64.1 (11.8) | 25 (62.5) | Yes | MMSE and MoCA |
| Weidman et al., 50 (2022) | New York, USA | Longitudinal | Hospital | 87 | 62 (-) | 64 (73.5) | Yes | MoCA |
| Blazhenets et al., 51 (2021) | Freiburg, Germany | Longitudinal | Hospital | 8 | 66 (14.2) | 2 (25.0) | No | MoCA |
| Evans et al., 30 (2021) | England, Northern Ireland, Scotland e Wales | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 1.077 | 58.0 (13.0) | 384 (35,7) | No | MoCA |
| Graham et al., 7 (2021) | Chicago, USA | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 100 | 43.2 (1.3) | 70 (70.0) | No | NIH Toolbox v2 |
| Hampshire et al., 31 (2020) | United Kingdom, England | Cross- Sectional |
Community | 81.337 | 46.7 (15.7) | 44.826 (55.1) | No | Block Rearrange; Tower of London; Digit Span; Spatial Span; Target Detection; 2D Mental Rotation Test; Analogical Reasoning |
| Del Brutto et al., 43 (2021) | Atahualpa, Ecuador | Longitudinal | Community | 93 | 62.6 (11.0) | 59 (63.4) | Yes | MoCA |
| Almeria et al., 32 (2020) | Barcelona, Spain | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 35 | 47.6 (8.9) | 19 (54.2) | Yes | Espanha Complutense Verbal Learning Test; Visual Reproduction of the Wechsler Memory Scale –IV; Digit Span Forward and Backward, Letter and Numbers; Trail Making Test Part A and B; Symbol Digit Modalities Test; STROOP Test; Phonemic and Semantic Verbal Fluency; Boston Naming Test from the NEURONORMA project. |
| Woo et al., 33 (2020) | Hamburg, Germany | Cross- Sectional |
Hospital | 18 | 42.2 (14.3) | 10 (55.5) | Yes | TICS-M |
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NIH, National Institutes of Health Toolbox v2.1 instrument; TICS-M, Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status.