Table 2.

Negative binomial regression model of hopelessness

Characteristics	Hopelessnessa (N = 5008)
	IRR	95% CI
Chronic illness	1.11**	[1.06, 1.16]
Race (African American)	0.931*	[0.869, 0.998]
Gender (Male)	1.00	[0.956, 1.05]
Age
18 to 24	–	–
25 to 34	0.998	[0.925, 1.08]
35 to 54	1.03	[0.953, 1.11]
55 and over	0.967	[0.892, 1.05]
Education
0–11 years	–	–
12 years	0.883**	[0.837, 0.931]
13–15 years	0.814**	[0.771, 0.859]
Greater than 16 years	0.779**	[0.736, 0.826]
Incomeb
0–9999	–	–
10,000–19,999	0.931*	[0.867, 0.999]
20,000–34,999	0.858**	[0.796, 0.925]
35,000–69,999	0.837**	[0.782, 0.896]
70,000 or more	0.829**	[0.751, 0.917]
Work
Employed	–	–
Unemployed	1.07	[0.997, 1.16]
Not in labor force	1.07*	[1.00, 1.14]
Spiritualityc	0.943**	[0.918, 0.969]

Numbers in column headings represent unweighted values. All analyses incorporate the NSAL sample weighting strategy

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

^aMeasured as the presence of heart disease, cancer, stroke or diabetes

^bMeasured as annual household income

^c4 point scale 1 = Not spiritual at all, 2 = Not too spiritual, 3 = Fairly spiritual, 4 = Very spiritual