Table 2.

Operational definition of the teaching methods used.

Method	Operational Definition
Discussion	Utilizing the discussion method in education can foster students' cognitive development in multiple domains, including creative thinking, critical reasoning, problem-solving, and literary appreciation, while promoting their communication and interpersonal skills. By engaging in dialogic exchanges, students can strengthen their ability to articulate and defend their positions, address counterarguments, and respond to inquiries from their peers, ultimately enhancing their academic proficiency and self-efficacy.
Activity Learning	The “whole-body learning” approach is a teaching methodology that employs a diverse range of active and stimulating activities to facilitate comprehensive learning across the three domains of learning. Essentially, it emphasizes a “learning by doing” approach, which may intersect with other teaching methods based on the content and extent of the subject matter being taught.
Reflective Learning	Reflective learning is an instructional approach that empowers learners to reflect on their personal experiences, abilities, and limitations, and develop a heightened sensitivity toward the challenges faced by others. This introspective technique enables students to gain a comprehensive understanding of their own selves and the surrounding environment, which can foster transformative changes in their attitudes and beliefs, ultimately leading to positive societal impact. Essentially, it is a profound soul-searching journey that allows learners to discover their true selves.
Collaborative Learning	Collaborative learning is a pedagogical approach that encourages students to work together in pairs, triads, or groups of varying sizes to share their experiences, knowledge, and skills, in order to arrive at collective solutions, propose recommendations, report findings, and develop projects either with or without the guidance of the teacher.