Table 1.
Characteristics and sleep hygiene practices of participants by sleep duration and self-perception of sleep quality (n = 2050).
| Variables | Total | Sleep Duration |
Sleep Quality |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 h | ≥7 h | P value* | Poor | Good | P value* | ||
| Total,% | 2.050 (100.00) | 445 (21.71) | 1605 (78.29) | 613 (29.9) | 1437 (70.1) | ||
| Sex,% female | 1.498 (73.07) | 285 (64.04) | 1213 (75.58) | <0.001 | 448 (73.08) | 1050 (73.07) | 0.99 |
| Age, y | 34.32 ± 11.59 | 34.61 ± 11.29) | 34.24 ± 11.67) | 0.55 | 35.29 ± 11.55 | 33.91 ± 11.58 | 0.01 |
| Brazil macro-region | |||||||
| North, % | 134 (6.54) | 35 (7.87) | 99 (6.17) | <0.001 | 44 (7.18) | 90 (6.26) | 0.01 |
| North East, % | 720 (35.12) | 191 (42.92) | 529 (32.96) | 238 (38.83) | 482 (33.54) | ||
| Southeast,% | 810 (39.51) | 159 (35.73) | 651 (40.56) | 230 (37.52) | 580 (40.36) | ||
| South, % | 224 (10.93) | 29 (6.52) | 195 (12.15) | 48 (7.83) | 176 (12.25) | ||
| Midwest, % | 162 (7.90) | 31 (6.97) | 131 (8.16) | 53 (8.65) | 109 (7.59) | ||
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Married/Living with Partner, % | 793 (38.68) | 160 (35.96) | 633 (39.44) | 0.18 | 240 (39.15) | 553 (38.48) | 0.77 |
| Education level | |||||||
| Less than High School, % | 34 (1.66) | 13 (2.92) | 21 (1.31) | 0.02 | 14 (2.28) | 20 (1.39) | 0.26 |
| High school, % | 572 (27.90) | 133 (29.89) | 439 (27.35) | 163 (26.59) | 409 (28.46) | ||
| College graduate or above, % | 1444 (70.44) | 299 (67.19) | 1145 (71.34) | 436 (71.13) | 1008 (70.15) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.14 ± 5.03) | 25.82 ± 5.25 | 24.95 ± 4.95 | 0.001 | 25.82 ± 5.48 | 24.85 ± 4.80 | 0.0001 |
| Sleep Traits | |||||||
| Sleep Duration, h | 7.79 ± 1.17 | 6.20 ± 0.69 | 8.23 ± 0.85 | <0.001 | 7.51 ± 1.36 | 7.91 ± 1.05 | <0.001 |
| Latency, min | 33.47 ± 36.69 | 39.81 ± 44.65 | 31.71 ± 33.97 | <0.001 | 55.89 ± 48.00 | 23.91 ± 25.16 | <0.001 |
| Awakenings, number/night | 1.3 ± 1.23 | 1.40 ± 1.34 | 1.27 ± 1.20 | 0.04 | 2.00 ± 1.39 | 0.99 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| Social jet lag, h | 0.35 ± 0.73 | 0.50 ± 0.87 | 0.31 ± 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.41 ± 0.79 | 0.33 ± 0.70 | 0.01 |
| Sleep-promoting practices | |||||||
| Morning Physical Exercise, % | 675 (32.93) | 140 (31.46) | 535 (33.33) | 0.45 | 155 (25.29) | 520 (36.19) | <0.001 |
| Dim environment lights in the evening, %yes | 836 (40.78) | 171 (38.43) | 665 (41.43) | 0.25 | 278 (45.75) | 558 (38.83) | 0.006 |
| Read books before bed, %yes | 326 (15.90) | 75 (16.85) | 251 (15.64) | 0.53 | 118 (19.25) | 208 (14.47) | 0.007 |
| Drink Soothing tea before bed, %yes | 443 (21.61) | 96 (21.57) | 347 (21.62) | 0.98 | 178 (29.04) | 265 (18.44) | <0.001 |
| Integrative therapies before bed, %yes | 346 (16.88) | 69 (15.51) | 277 (17.26) | 0.38 | 126 (20.55) | 220 (15.31) | 0.004 |
| Sleep-disturbing practices | |||||||
| Evening Physical Exercise, % | 573 (27.95) | 123 (27.64) | 450 (28.04) | 0.86 | 159 (25.94) | 414 (28.81) | 0.18 |
| Nap | |||||||
| Yes | 1045 (50.98) | 242 (54.38) | 803 (50.03) | 0.10 | 315 (51.39) | 730 (50.80) | 0.80 |
| Duration (min) | 21.58 ± 34.47 | 26.34 ± 46.48 | 20.25 ± 30.16 | 0.001 | 24.33 ± 42.24 | 20.42 ± 30.54 | 0.02 |
| Duration >30min, % | 556 (55.38) | 140 (59.32) | 416 (54.17) | 0.16 | 188 (62.88) | 368 (52.20) | 0.002 |
| Timing, hh:mm | 13.81 ± 1.80 | 13.55 ± 1.71 | 13.89 ± 1.82 | 0.07 | 13.78 ± 2.28 | 13.82 ± 1.53 | 0.80 |
| After 15:00, % | 72 (15.62) | 16 (13.91) | 56 (16.18) | 0.56 | 27 (18.75) | 45 (14.20) | 0.21 |
| Electronic devices with illuminated screens | |||||||
| Time before bed (min) | 61.70 ± 71.45 | 72.66 ± 90.77 | 58.66 ± 64.79 | <0.001 | 74.33 ± 75.19 | 56.31 ± 69.12 | <0.001 |
| Time before bed ≥2 h, % | 430 (20.98) | 112 (25.17) | 318 (19.81) | 0.01 | 171 (27.90) | 259 (18.02) | <0.001 |
| Use of screens to fall asleep, %yes | 665 (32.44) | 145 (32.58) | 520 (32.40) | 0.94 | 239 (38.99) | 426 (29.65) | <0.001 |
| Sleep with screens turned on, %yes | 806 (39.32) | 192 (43.15) | 614 (38.26) | 0.06 | 290 (47.31) | 516 (35.91) | <0.001 |
| Evening Eating | |||||||
| Dinner is the largest meal, %yes | 230 (11.22) | 68 (15.28) | 162 (10.09) | 0.002 | 91 (14.85) | 139 (9.67) | 0.001 |
| Caffeine consumption, % | 1183 (57.71) | 264 (59.33) | 919 (57.26) | 0.43 | 387 (63.13) | 796 (55.39) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 996 (48.59) | 201 (45.17) | 795 (49.53) | 0.10 | 275 (44.86) | 721 (50.17) | 0.02 |
| Smoking, %yes | 124 (6.05) | 37 (8.31) | 87 (5.42) | 0.02 | 39 (6.36) | 85 (5.92) | 0.69 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index.
Values are shown as means ± SDs or numbers (percentages). P values are derived from the student's t-test (for continuous variables) and from the chi-square test (for categorical variables).
Significant P-values ≤0.05 are shown in bold.