Table 3.

Provincial regulations concerning the coastal zone and small islands zoning plans (Marine Spatial Plans) that consider the governance of cetaceans

No	Provincial regulations	Primary directions regarding cetaceans
1	North Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 1 of 2017 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2017 to 2037	Migration pathways of marine species are included in the determination of sea lanes. However, the sea species mentioned in this regulation are only fish and turtles and do not mention cetaceans.
2	East Nusa Tenggara Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2017 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2017 to 2037	The largest marine mammal migration pathways are in this Province, and the zoning plan includes protected areas for marine mammals. However, these pathways are included in utilization areas that allow fishing activity. This fishing activity must use fishing gear that is friendly to marine mammals. This regulation provides guidelines for synchronizing migration corridors with other uses of marine space and identifying the behavior of cetaceans and other large marine animals.
3	West Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 6 of 2017 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2017 to 2037	This regulation provides guidelines for developing cetacean monitoring and surveillance systems as well as identifying these species and their migration routes. Article 13 of this regulation mandates the inclusion of migration routes for marine species in stipulating sea lanes and protected zones. This rule also specifically states migration corridors for cetaceans, fish protected in the waters, and sea turtles (for landing and laying eggs). When passing through the migration corridor, each ship must reduce its speed.
4	Central Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 10 of 2017 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2017 to 2037	This regulation mandates that migration corridors must be adapted to other uses of sea space. In addition, the determination of protected areas must consider migration routes. This rule also stipulates that every ship crossing protected areas or migration pathways must reduce speed. This rule specifies migration routes for certain fish species (such as skipjack tuna and marine eels), cetaceans (such as dolphins and whales), and turtles. This regulation stipulates that fixed fishing gear is prohibited on migration routes. This regulation provides guidelines for synchronizing migration corridors with other uses of marine space and identifying the behavior of cetaceans and other large marine animals.
5	West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Regulation Number 12 of 2017 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2017 to 2037	This regulation stipulates that migration corridors of marine species should be established and protected as well as synchronized with other uses of marine space. This rule also specifies migration corridors for whales, sharks, and turtles. In addition, the fishing gear types that could be utilized in spawning and nursery areas, migration corridors, and protected areas are also regulated. This rule also regulates installing special signs in migration corridors, developing a monitoring and surveillance system for migration corridors, and identifying migratory animal species and their migration patterns.
6	East Java Provincial Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation does not explicitly mention cetaceans. This rule only mentions certain fish (demersal and pelagic fish) and sea turtles. In addition, this rule states that migration corridors must be considered in determining conservation areas and sea lanes. This regulation also regulates the human activities evaluation around migration corridors, installing special signs in migration corridors, the development of monitoring and surveillance systems for migration corridors, and identifying migratory animal species and their migration patterns.
7	Lampung Provincial Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	The regulation particularly says migration routes for cetaceans and sea turtles. This rule provides guidelines for synchronizing migration corridors with other uses of marine space and identifying the behavior of cetaceans and other large marine animals. Every ship crossing the migration corridor must reduce its speed.
8	Maluku Provincial Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation particularly states migration corridors for marine mammals, especially dolphins. This rule prohibits the captive breeding of various marine species, such as whales, dolphins, and turtles. In addition, it is prohibited to install fishing gear in migration corridors. Moreover, this regulation stipulates that migration corridors of marine species should be established and protected as well as synchronized with other uses of marine space.
9	West Sumatra Provincial Regulation Number 2 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This rule does not include migration corridors of sea species in the designation of sea routes. Nonetheless, protected marine species are prohibited from being caught under this regulation. A study on migration corridors for certain fish, cetaceans, and turtles is needed in future marine spatial plans, especially in determining migration routes because this regulation does not stipulate migration routes for aquatic species.
10	North Maluku Provincial Regulation Number 2 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation specifies migration corridors for sea turtles and cetaceans (whales, dolphins). This rule states that migration corridors must be incorporated in the designation of protected zones. This rule states that the catching of protected species is prohibited. Every ship crossing protected areas or migration pathways must reduce speed.
11	North Kalimantan Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	Cetaceans are not particularly mentioned in this rule. The sea species stated in this rule are merely pelagic fish and turtles. This rule mandates that migration corridors must be adapted to other uses of sea space. This rule stipulates that migration corridors of marine species should be established and protected as well as synchronized with other uses of marine space. This regulation also instructs to monitor pelagic fish and turtles' migration corridors and identifies migratory species densities.
12	Gorontalo Provincial Regulation Number 4 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation explicitly states the importance of establishing migration corridors for certain fish (skipjack tuna and marine eels), turtles, and cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Endangered marine animals are forbidden to be captive. Designation of protected areas and sea lanes must include migration corridors for sea animals. When passing through the migration corridor, each ship must reduce its speed. When passing through the migration corridor, each vessel must reduce its speed. This regulation also stipulates developing a monitoring and surveillance system for migration corridors and identifying migratory animal species and their migration patterns.
13	Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 9 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	These rules explicitly state the establishment of migration corridors for sea turtles, dolphins, and whale sharks. Marine animal migration corridors must be included in the designation of protected areas. This regulation provides guidelines for synchronizing migration corridors with other uses of marine space. This rule also instructs to identify behavior and monitor migration corridors for sea turtles, dolphins, and whale sharks.
14	Yogyakarta Provincial Regulation Number 9 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This rule does not stipulate the establishment of migration corridors for sea animals in allocating sea lanes. Nonetheless, this rule mandates the protection and supervision of protected marine species. A study on migration corridors is needed in future marine spatial plans, especially in determining migration routes, because this regulation does not stipulate migration routes for marine species.
15	South Kalimantan Provincial Regulation Number 13 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation states explicitly that the formation of protected areas must consider the migration corridors of marine species. This regulation specifies the establishment of migration corridors for marine and freshwater dolphins, whale sharks, and turtles. This rule mandates that migration corridors must be adapted to other uses of sea space. Every boat crossing the migration corridor must reduce its speed. This rule also instructs to identify behavior and monitor migration corridors for marine and freshwater dolphins, whale sharks, and turtles.
16	Central Java Regulation Number 13 of 2018 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2018 to 2038	This regulation instructs to safeguard protected marine animals and their migration corridors. However, this regulation does not mention cetaceans specifically and merely says marine species protection for turtles and marine eels. Every ship can cross the migration corridor by implementing a routing system or reducing the vessel’s speed.
17	East Kalimantan Provincial Regulation Number 2 of 2021 concerning The Coastal Zones and Small Islands Zoning Plan for the period 2021 to 2041	This regulation explicitly regulates and oversees the management of marine mammals’ migration corridors to maintain their sustainability. In addition, it is forbidden to install fishing gear in migration pathways. Furthermore, this rule stipulates that migration corridors of marine species should be established and protected as well as synchronized with other utilizations of sea space.