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Pre-culture validation of the fabricated perfusion bioreactor, its CCoupled system, and their outputs comparison with the numerical model’s predictions for (A) fluid flow velocity and (B) electric current generated. The electric field generated by the CCoupled system validation setup was predicted to be uniform, with a value of 0.095 V m−1 at the culture medium region. (C) Photos from the assembled bioreactor, electrodes, and perfusion connectors.
