Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
| N=2150 | |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 80 (73–85) |
| >80, n (%) | 1055 (49.1) |
| Male, n (%) | 1209 (56.2) |
| Body size area, m2 (n=2149, 99.9%) | 1.50 (1.37–1.65) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 774 (36.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1452 (67.5) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1111 (51.7) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 579 (26.9) |
| Smoker, n (%) | 145 (6.7) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 215 (10.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | |
| Paroxysmal | 485 (22.6) |
| Persistent/chronic | 883 (41.1) |
| Prior stroke, n (%) | 247 (11.5) |
| Prior myocardial infarction, n (%) | 502 (23.3) |
| Prior cardiac surgery, n (%) | 298 (13.9) |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 224 (10.4) |
| Cardiac rhythm device implant, n (%) | |
| Pacemaker | 131 (6.1) |
| Implantable cardioverter–defibrillator | 105 (4.9) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy—pacemaker | 26 (1.2) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy—defibrillator | 196 (9.1) |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 113 (5.3) |
| Heart failure hospitalization within 1 year, n (%) | 1541 (71.7) |
| STS mortality score for mitral valve replacement (n=1858, 86.4%) | 9.10 (5.78–14.1) |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 11.6 (10.4–12.9) |
| <10.0 g/L, n (%) | 385 (17.9) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.26 (0.96–1.76) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 38 (26–51) |
| <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n (%) | 721 (33.5) |
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL (n=1573, 73.2%) | 342 (170–675) |
| >500 pg/mL, n (%) | 569 (36.2) |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | |
| I | 47 (2.2) |
| II | 744 (34.6) |
| III | 1047 (48.7) |
| IV | 312 (14.5) |
| Medication at discharge, n (%) | |
| Renin–angiotensin inhibitor | 1371 (63.9) |
| Beta‐blocker | 1614 (75.1) |
| Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) | 1170 (54.4) |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |
| Mitral regurgitation pathogenesis, n (%) | |
| Secondary | 1617 (75.2) |
| Atrial | 419 (19.5) |
| Primary | 639 (29.7) |
| Mixed | 106 (4.9) |
| Mitral regurgitation severity, n (%) | |
| 1+/2+ (mild/moderate) | 638 (11.0) |
| 3+ (moderate to severe) | 601 (28.0) |
| 4+ (severe) | 1311 (61.0) |
| Effective regurgitant orifice area, cm2 (n=1965, 91.4%) | 0.35 (0.25–0.47) |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 43 (31–61) |
| LV ejection fraction ≤30%, n (%) | 489 (22.7) |
| LV end‐systolic diameter, mm (n=2148, 99.9%) | 43 (33–54) |
| LV end‐diastolic diameter, mm (n=2147, 99.9%) | 57 (50–64) |
| LV end‐diastolic diameter>60 mm, n (%) | 759 (35.4) |
| LV end‐systolic volume, mL (n=2093, 97.3%) | 73 (40–126) |
| LV end‐diastolic volume, mL (n=2096, 97.5%) | 136 (96–190) |
| Left atrial diameter, mm (n=2143, 99.7%) | 49 (44–55) |
| Left atrial volume, mL (n=2057, 95.7%) | 116 (88–157) |
| Moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation, n (%) | 766 (35.6) |
| Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, mm Hg (n=2083, 96.9%) | 33 (25–44) |
| Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient >35 mm Hg, n (%) | 870 (40.5) |
| MV mean pressure gradient, mm Hg (n=1920, 89.3%) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) |
| MV orifice area, cm2 (n=1769, 82.3%) | 5.1 (4.2–6.2) |
| Procedural results | |
| Number of clips implanted, n (%) | |
| 0 | 15 (0.7) |
| 1 | 1285 (59.8) |
| 2 | 807 (37.5) |
| 3 | 43 (2.0) |
| Procedural time, min (n=1973, 91.8%) | 87 (63–120) |
| Mitral regurgitation severity at discharge,* n (%) | |
| 0+ (none to trace) | 405 (18.8) |
| 1+ (mild) | 1225 (57.0) |
| 2+ (moderate) | 440 (20.5) |
| 3+ (moderate to severe) | 51 (2.4) |
| 4+ (severe) | 29 (1.3) |
| Postprocedural MV mean pressure gradient, mm Hg (n=2116, 98.4%) | 2.2 (2.0–3.1) |
eGFR indicates estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular; MV, mitral valve; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
*
If echocardiographic data at discharge were not available, those immediately after the MitraClip procedure were used.