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. 2024 Jan 1;14(2):608–621. doi: 10.7150/thno.89520

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Intramyocardial injection of human extracellular vesicles (EVs) reduce collagen complexity and pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts within the atria of a model of rat sterile pericarditis. (A) Effect of pericarditis and EV treatment on collagen I and collagen III content (n=3). (B) Effect of pericarditis and EV treatment on alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) content within treated atria (left panel) and the number of αSMA+ cells (n=5). (C) Representative images of the effect of pericarditis and EV treatment on αSMA+ cells. Scale bar 20 μm. One-way ANOVA with individual-mean comparisons by Šídák's multiple comparisons test. *P<0.05 vs. sham animals, #P<0.05 vs. talc + vehicle treated animals. EV, extracellular vesicles; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; veh, vehicle.