Figure 1.

Summary of engineered OMV-based anti-tumor treatment. Immunotherapy is important in the field of OMV-based cancer therapy. In addition to immunotherapy, OMVs have been applied in combination with chemotherapy, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy to amplify anti-tumor efficacy. Engineered OMVs improved tumor immunogenicity by 1) delivering exogenous immunogenic antigens that mainly target lymph nodes to promote DC maturation and 2) inducing immunogenic cell death, to release endogenous immunogenic agents to promote DC maturation. Both strategies could promote T-cell priming and clonal expansion of T cells, leading to the suppression of both orthotopic and distal tumors.