Table 5.

Engineered OMVs involved in GI cancer

Parental Bacteria	Engineered strategy	Cancer type	Therapeutic strategy	Reference
E. Coli W3110	Gene engineering (PD-L1)	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	40
E. Coli W3110	Gene engineering (Decreased toxicity)	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	134
E. coli Nissle1917	Surface modification with ClyA (ClyA)-hyaluronidase (Hy)	Pancreatic and Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	139
E. Coli DH5α	Hybrid membrane with cancer cells	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	140
Salmonella Typhimurium	Drug loading	Colorectal and Liver Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and chemotherapy	141
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Gene engineering (Decreased toxicity)	Liver Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	142
E. coli DH5α	OMV-loaded micromotors	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy	143
E. coli BL21 (DE3)	Drug loading	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and chemotherapy	144
Salmonella Typhimurium	Gene engineering (Decreased toxicity)	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and PTT	120
S. Typhimurium minCDE- strain	Drug loading	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and chemotherapy	89
S. Typhimurium minCDE- strain	Gene engineering (EGFR) and siRNA loading	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and Gene therapy	97
Escherichia coli	OMVs-MSNs-5-FU mesoporous silica	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and chemotherapy	110
Salmonella	Membrane fused with liposomes and siRNA loading	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and Gene therapy and PTT	138
Escherichia coli	Genetic engineering (fused the SpC with ClyA)	Colorectal Neoplasms	Immunotherapy and surgery	124
E. coli BL21 (DE3)	Gene engineering (CD47nb) and surface modification (PEG/Se)	Colorectal Neoplasm	Immunotherapy and radiotherapy	41
Escherichia coli MG1655	Drug loaded (UNC2025) and surface modification (Mal)	Colorectal Neoplasm	Immunotherapy and targeted therapy	114
E. Coli	Drug-loaded (IDO inhibitor) and surface modification (Mal)	Colorectal Neoplasm	Immunotherapy and PTT	145