Figure 3.

Animal Species, Irradiation Methods Selection, and Effects of RT on AM-BM. (A) Animal species currently employed in RT studies of AM-BM encompass mice, chicken embryos, monkeys, rats, dogs, and rabbits. (B) Different irradiation methods are utilized based on the modeling approach: SRS or WBRT is commonly applied for local inoculation modeling, WBRT for intracardiac and internal carotid artery injections, and PCI for tail vein injection. (C-D) The prognostic factors influencing survival were as follows: (C) RT-induced side effects on brain tissue, such as radiation edema, necrosis, neurotoxicity, and hippocampal damage. (D) Factors such as radiation resistance genes (TopBP1 and Claspin), secretion of S100A9, and the overexpression of RAGE limit the survival benefits of RT. (E) In vivo studies reveal differential responses of the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier in various mouse strains to RT. Notably, doses of 3 Gy/1F, 12 Gy/3F, 15 Gy/1F, 15.5 Gy/1F, and or 20 Gy/2F did not significantly alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier in BALB/c nude mice. However, doses of 15.5 Gy/1F and 30 Gy/5F can induce changes in the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier permeability in C57BL/6 mice. The time window during which RT induces BBB/BTB opening in AM-BMs has not been determined.