Table 2.
Relevant Parameters of Radiotherapy Research in the AM-BM (WBRT combined CTR, IT, TT, etc.)
| Cancer | Species | Monitoring intracranial tumor formation | Injection method | Injection site | Cell line | Cell number/volume (cells/μl) |
Irradiator | Irradiation time (days) | Dose/fraction (Gy/F) | Dose rate (Gy/min) |
Combination therapy | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSCLC | 8w Male athymic nude mice | NA | ICB | Left striatum | PC14PE6 (used modeling) H23 |
1×104/5 | IBL 437C blood Irradiator | 14 | 15/1 | 2.3 | TT: Chk1 AZD7762 |
Median Survival RT ↑ RT+AZD7762 ↑↑ |
45 |
| NSCLC | Female nude (rnu/rnu) rats | Fluorescent oligonucleotide delivery | ICB | Right caudate nucleus | H460 | 1×106/10 | RadSource RS2000 Irradiator Versa HD (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) linear accelerator |
21 (D283) 5 (H460) |
2/1 (athymic rat) 5/1 (normal Long Evan rats) |
NA | CTR+TT: TMZ (20 mg/kg × 4 days) anti-MGMT morpholino oligonucleotides (AMONs) (10.5 mg/kg; IV) (1 d after radiation) |
(vs. RT+TMZ) Tumor volume RT+TMZ+AMON ↓ (RT+AMON vs RT) MGMT — BCL-XL — p27 — |
43 |
| NSCLC | 7-8w BALB/c nude mice | Detecting fluorescence intensity. | ICD | NA | PC-9 (modeling) H3255 |
NA/100 | XCELL 160 X-ray system (Kubtec, Stratford, CT, USA) | intracranial fluorescent signal >5×106 photons/s (1-3W) | 30/10 | 1.6 | TT: EGFR AZD3759 or osimertinib (1 h prior to the RT) |
Tumor volumes RT ↓ RT + AZD3759 ↓↓↓ RT + osimertinib ↓↓ |
62 |
| NSCLC | 6-8w Female nu/nu mice | Bioluminescence signals | ICB | Brain parenchyma | PC-9 (modeling) H3255 H2228 H226 |
5×105/NA | XCELL 160 X-ray system | NA | 30/10 15/1 3/1 |
1.6 | TT: EGFR 1 h before radiation. (AZD3759 was administered by oral gavage at 15 mg/kg once daily until the end of the study) |
In vivo (vs RT) Tumor volume RT+AZD3759↓↓ Ki-67 RT↑ (3h ) — (8h) RT+AZD3759↓↓ CC3 RT↑ RT+AZD3759↑↑ |
74 |
| NSCLC | 6-8w Female athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice | IVIS | ICB | Right striatum | PDX* | 2×105/5 | Xstrahl Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) | 3 | 12.5/5 | 2.68 | TT: ATR M6620(60 mg/kg by daily oral gavage) |
M6620 treatment combined with radiotherapy synergistically and successfully inhibits cancer growth (PDX) | 46 |
| NSCLC | 6-8w Female C57BL mice | IVIS 1. 14 days 2. 6 days |
1. ICA 2. ICB |
Right striatum | LLC | 1. 2×105/100 2. 1×105/5 |
Varian Clinac 600C X-ray unit | 1.21 2.13 |
10/1 | 2.5 | TT: CXCR4 Endostar (ES) (Treatment 14 days after IVIS imaging) |
In vivo Tumor size RT↓ RT + Endostar↓↓ The vessels: RT + Endostar more regular and pericyte |
71 |
| Melanoma | 6-7w athymic nude mice | IVIS | ICB | 0.5 mm anterior and 2 mm lateral to the bregma | C8161 | 1×104/5 (0.6 μL /min) |
γ-irradiator (Gammator 50, cesium 137 source) | NA | 16/4/4 weeks | NA | TT: GRM1 Riluzole |
Tumor volume RT ↓ RT + Riluzole ↓↓ |
82 |
| Melanoma | 6-8w Female C57BL/6 mice | NA | ICB | Right striatum | B78 | 2×105/NA | X-RAD 320 (Precision X-Ray Inc., North Branford, CT) | Day 1 after flank irradiation or day 15 | 4/1 | NA | IT: ISV (1 day) + anti-CTLA-4(3,6,9 days) |
Relatively low-dose WBRT (4 Gy) or targeted radionuclide therapy increases the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) and monocytes/macrophages (F4/80+) and improves immunotherapy of bone marrow melanoma reaction. | 30 |
| Melanoma | 6w C57BL/6J mice | MRI | ICB | NA | B16-F10 | 5×104/NA | 320 kV X-ray generator | NA | 7/1 | 2 | AGuIX® (Gd-based nanoparticles) (10 mg, i.v.) (radiation 3.5 hours after injection) |
In vitro: γ-H2A RT ↑ RT + AGuIX® ↑↑ In vivo Survival RT ↑ RT + AGuIX® ↑↑ |
36 |
| Melanoma | C57BL/6 mice | IVIS | ICB | Left striatum | B16 | 200 untreated + 1,800 disabled [pre-irradiated by 100 Gy (several hours before implantation)/1 culture medium | Philips RT100 X-ray | 8 | 15/1 | 7.6 | IT: tumor vaccine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
Median Survival RT↑ RT + IT ↑↑ Tumor volume RT ↓ RT + IT ↓↓ |
33 |
| Melanoma | C57BL/6 mice | IVIS | ICB | Left striatum | B16-F10-luc2 | 250 B16-F10-luc2 + 5000 disabled B16 (100 Gy)/1 culture medium | Philips RT100 X-ray | 8 | 15/1 18.75/1 22.5/1 |
7.6 | IT | Median Survival 15 Gy ↑ 15 Gy + IT ↑↑ 18.75 Gy ↑ 18.75 Gy + IT ↑↑ 22.5 Gy ↑↑↑ 22.5 Gy + IT ↑↑↑ |
34 |
| Ehrlich Ascites tumor | Female B6D2F1 mice | NA | ICB | Temporal hemisphere | Ehrlich ascites tumor (EHR2) | 1.5×105/30 | Stabilipan (Siemens, Munich, Germany) | 3 | 10/1 | 4.7 | CTR: etoposide + dexrazoxane |
Median Survival (vs RT) 34 mg/kg etoposide + 125 mg/kg dexrazoxane + RT ↑ 90 mg/kg etoposide + 125 mg/kg dexrazoxane + RT ↑ ↑ |
50 |
| Breast Cancer | 6-8w Female athymic nude mice | PET/CT 3D MRI |
ICB | Right frontal lobe | BT474-Br-M3 | 4×105/NA | Gamma Cell irradiator | 8 | 10/ 5 | NA | TT: Her2 Single-domain antibody fragments |
synergistic effect | 49 |
| Breast Cancer | Athymic nude mice | IVIS | ICB | Left hemisphere | MDA-MB-231 | 1×105/1 | Philips RT100 X-ray generator (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) operating at 100 kVp with a 1.7 mm Al filter. | NA | 15/1 | NA | Nano: INP (iodine nanoparticles) i.v. (1 d before radiation) |
Median Survival RT ↑ INP + RT ↑ Tumor size RT ↓ INP + RT ↓↓ |
38 |
| Breast Cancer | 6w Female BALB/c nude mice | IVIS | ICB | Right striatum | MDA-231-Br | 2×104/2 | ELEKTA Irradiator (Precision X-Ray, UK) | 5、17 | 10/2 | NA | Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 31 (LRRC31) | LRRC31 is a major DNA repair suppressor that can be targeted for cancer radiosensitization therapy. | 37 |
| Breast Cancer | 6w Female athymic nude mice | NA | ICB | Left striatum | MDA-MB-435 | 1×105/5 | IBL 437C blood Irradiator | 15 | 10/1 | 2.3 | TT: c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Survival RT ↑ RT + inhibit c-Met ↑↑ Tumor volume RT ↓ RT + inhibit c-Met ↓↓ apoptosis RT ↑ RT +c-Met depletion ↑↑ |
44 |
| Breast Cancer | Female athymic nude-Foxn1 nu mice | MRI | ICA | NA | MDA-MB-435-Br1 | 1×106/100 | NA | 27 | 16.5/3 | 240 Monitor Units (MU/min) | CTR: Temozolomide |
In vivo Survival RT + TMZ↑ vs. RT weight athymic mice— NOD/SCID mice ↓↓ |
55 |
| Breast Cancer | 12 w C57BL/6J 8w FVB/n mice |
MRI | ICD | NA | 99LN-BrM2 TS1-BrM |
6×104 99LN-BrM 1×105 99LN-BrM 3×104 TS1-BrM |
SARRP | (About 3W) MRI indicates the brain metastases |
10/5 | 5.2 cGy/s | IT: anti-PD-1 | the combination of WBRT with Anti PD-1 has been demonstrated to exert a synergistic anti-tumor effect. | 31 |
| Breast Cancer | R2G2 SCID mice | bioluminescence imaging (BLI) | 1. ICB 2. ICD |
1. Brain at a depth of 4 mm. | SKBrM3 231-BrM |
1.SKBrM3: 2×104/5 231-BrM: 2×104/5 2. SKBrM3: 1×105 231-BrM: 2×105 |
X-Ray XRAD 320 Orthovoltage X-ray Unit with custom-made collimators (<5 mm diameter) | 28 (When BLI reached 1 × 106) |
40/4 | NA | A thermal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (1 day after tumor implantation.) |
Survival: RT ↑ RT + BCF ↑↑ |
111 |
| Breast Cancer | 8-12w 1.NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull (NSG) Female mice 2.Female C57BL/ 6 mice |
IVIS | ICD | NA | 1.JmT1BR3-GFP-luciferase 2.E0711-GFP-Luciferase |
1.2.5×105 2.5×104 |
Precision X-Ray X-Rad 225Cx Micro IGRT and SmART Systems | 7 | 1. 10/1 2. 35/1 10/1 |
4.8-5.8 | Topiramate | Radiation-induced brain edema may be reduced by blocking AQP4 | 127 |