Table 1.

Summary of miRNAs that are conserved in wheat and their effects on other plant species upon manipulation.

Plant Species	miRNA	Manipulation Strategy	Resulting Phenotype	References
Citrus unshiu cv. “Guoqing No.1	CsimiR171c	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Increased somatic embryogenesis competence of previously recalcitrant calli	[45]
Citrus sinesis cv. “Valencia Sweet Orange”	CsimiR171c	Downregulation through short tandem target mimic	Abolished somatic embryogenesis of previously amenable calli	[45]
Fortunella hindsii	CsimiR156a	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Increased somatic embryogenesis competence of previously recalcitrant calli	[46]
Arabidopsis thaliana	AthmiR167c	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Induced somatic embryogenesis	[47]
Oryza sativa	OsamiR408	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Increased yield, biomass, height, and photosynthetic efficiency	[50]
Arabidopsis thaliana	AthmiR408	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Increased yield, biomass, silique length, and photosynthetic efficiency	[51]
Oryza sativa	OsamiR397	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Increased grain size and panicle branching	[53]
Oryza sativa	OsamiR396	Downregulation through target mimicry	Increased grain yield through modified inflorescence	[55]
Arabidopsis thaliana	AthmiR156	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Longer duration of acquired thermotolerance and heat stress memory; higher leaf initiation and delayed flowering	[62]
Medicago sativa	MsamiR156	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Improved heat tolerance	[63]
Cicer arietinum	AthmiR408	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Improved drought tolerance	[67]
Cicer arietinum	Vunmir408	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Enhanced drought and salt tolerance; increased trichome density and lower stomatal aperture	[68]
Lolium perenne	OsamiR408	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Enhanced drought tolerance and antioxidant capacity, sunken stomata, leaf curling	[69]
Arabidopsis thaliana	CarmiR166	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter and inoculation with Pseudomonas putida, RA strain	Enhanced germination upon drought, improved drought tolerance, less membrane damage	[77]
Oryza sativa	OsamiR166	Downregulation through short tandem target mimic	Rolled leaves, smaller leaf bulliform cells, altered xylem vessel, enhanced drought tolerance	[78]
Nicotiana benthamiana	TaemiR1119	Overexpression through CaMV 35s promoter	Improved biomass, photosynthesis, osmolyte accumulation, and anti-oxidant while faced with drought stress	[79]