Table 4.
Biomarker Discovery in Diabetic Nephropathy
| Prediction | Detective Method | Metabolic Biomarkers | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| DN | GC-MS | Serum: benzoic acid, glycerol 1-octadecanoate, fumaric acid, erythrose, L-glutamic acid/pyroglutamic acid, fructose 6-phophate, L-Arabitol, taurine, and L-glutamine. Urine: D-glucose, gluconic acid, L-histidine, L-valine, sucrose, glycine, L-xylonate-2, L-asparagine/L-aspartic acid, and oxalic acid. |
[96] |
| DN | LC-MS | Tyrosine | [97] |
| DN | LC-MS | Linolelaidic Acid (C18:2N6T), 6-Aminocaproic Acid, Hexadecanoic Acid (C16:0), Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline, L-Dihydroorotic Acid, Azoxystrobin Acid, Linoleic Acid (C18:2N6C), 6-Methylmercaptopurine, Lysopc 20:4, Piperidine, and Cuminaldehyde | [98] |
| DN | NMR | Glycoprotein acetyls, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (AAAs), triglycerides (TGs), lipids in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), cholesterol, fatty acids, and phospholipids in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and apolipoprotein A1. | [99] |
| DN | LC-MS | 3-methylcrotonyglycine, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIBA), citric and aconitic acid | [100] |
| DN | LC-MS | Pantothenic acid | [101] |