Table 2.
Summary of Findings in the Included Studies
| Number | Participants | Age, Years (Mean/Median) | Sex (Women, %) | Particularities* | Substance Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 [27] | 240 inpatient | 37.3 | 100% | Mental disorders - 73.2% | Cocaine – 62.1% Alcohol – 45.5% Marijuana – 41.3% |
| 2 [28] | 368 outpatient | 37.2 | 13.6% | Criminal history – 42.9% | Amphetamine – 60.1% |
| 3 [29] | 369 outpatient | 36.4 | 100% | Mental disorders - 73.2% | Cocaine – 56.6% Alcohol – 46.9% Opioids – 23.3% Marijuana – 39.3% |
| 4 [30] | 802 inpatient | 37.5 | 50.0% | Injecting drugs >10 years – 81.7% | Heroin – 71.3% Amphetamine – 15.5% Alcohol – 23.1% |
| 5 [31] | 300 outpatient | 46.1 | 37.7% | African American heroin users – 100% | Heroin – 100% Cocaine – 61.3% |
| 6 [32] | 190 inpatient | 32.7 | 33.0% | Benzodiazepine users – 100% | Benzodiazepine – 100% Opioids – 40.0% |
| 7 [33] | 108 inpatient and outpatient | 31.1 | 25.0% | Methamphetamine users – 100% | Marijuana – 25.0% Amphetamine – 100% Alcohol – 54.6% Cocaine – 1.9% |
| 8 [34] | 534 inpatient | 38.2 | 39.2% | NR | Alcohol – 50.0% Marijuana – 15.7% Opioids – 15.1% Amphetamine – 16.8% |
| 9 [35] | 107 outpatient | 35.3 | 33.6% | Cigarette smokers – 84.1%, Mental disorders – 50.9% | Alcohol – 25.2% Marijuana – 42.1% Opioids – 17.8% Amphetamine – 29.9% |
| 10 [36] | 36 inpatient | 47.5 | 22.2% | ADHD – 22.2% Other mental disorders – 25.0% |
Opioids – 13.8% Alcohol – 77.8% Marijuana – 19.4% Amphetamine – 19.4% |
| 11 [37] | 379 inpatient | 33.9 | 14.5% | Methamphetamine users – 100% | Ketamine – 28.0% Opioids – 12.1% |
| 12 [38] | 272 outpatient | 35.3 | 36.4% | Mental disorders – 69.9% Non-injection drugs – 100% |
Amphetamine – 70.0% Marijuana – 28.0% |
| 13 [39] | 209 inpatient | 33.0 | 1.43% | NR | Opioids – 55.5% Alcohol – 31.6% Amphetamine – 33.0% Benzodiazepine – 34.5% |
| 14 [40] | 319 outpatient | 42.2 | 14.4% | Sleep problems – 56.0% | Heroin – 35.1% Alcohol – 17.6% Amphetamine – 47.3% |
| 15 [41] | 1196 outpatient | 32.0 | 49.4% | NR | Heroin – 39.2% Cocaine – 60.8% |
| 16 [42] | 195 outpatient | 34.0 | 47.0% | Cigarette smokers – 57.0% Polydrug users – 74.0% |
Alcohol – 70.0% Marijuana – 39.0% Cocaine – 40.0% Crack – 36.0% |
| 17 [43] | 262 outpatient | 37.0 | 19.0% | DMFT – 100% | Alcohol – 80.9% Marijuana – 46.5% Cocaine/Crack – 60.3% |
| 18 [44] | 25 outpatient | NR | 0.0% | Psychiatric medication – 100% Cigarette smokers – 24.0% |
Alcohol – 32.0% Marijuana – 40.0% Crack – 56.0% |
| 19 [45] | 168 | 31.8 | 0.6% | Injecting drugs – 66.1% | NR |
Notes: * - Particular characteristics of the study population.
Abbreviations: NR, Not Reported; DMFT, decayed, missing, and filled teeth.