Table 3.
Evaluation of Quality-of-Life Dimensions (WHOQOL and WHOQOL-BREF)
| Study Number | Survey Type | Physical Domain | Mental Domain | Social Domain | Environmental DOMAIN | Worsening Factors (Predictor Value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 [27] | WHOQOL | 64.9 | 63.0 | 64.8 | 60.4 | Young age (0.23), low education (0.97), race (African American) (0.86) |
| 2 [28] | WHOQOL-BREF | 21.9 (87.6) | 17.3 (69.2) | 12.3 (49.2) | 17.9 (71.6) | Duration of methadone use (0.20–0.40), criminal history (−0.10- −0.35), HIV carrier (9.2%)(1.22–2.76) |
| 3 [29] | WHOQOL | 61.2 | 57.7 | 58.6 | 62.3 | Low education (0.04–0.10), race (African American) (−0.08- −0.04), older age (0.04–0.06) |
| 4 [30] | WHOQOL-BREF | 13.2 (52.8) | 11.8 (47.2) | 12.5 (50.0) | 12.5 (50.0) | Unemployment (−1.22- −1.03), history of drug overdose (−0.40- −0.53), HIV carrier (18.1%%) (−0.41- −0.58) |
| 5 [31] | WHOQOL | 60.0 | 67.5 | 63.4 | 60.3 | Injection drug use (−2.44–1.14), female gender (−4.55) |
| 6 [32] | WHOQOL | 52.0 | 52.0 | 54.0 | 55.0 | Female gender (−22.2- −8.7) |
| 7 [33] | WHOQOL-BREF | 21.3 (85.2) | 15.3 (61.2) | 17.3 (69.2) | 23.4 (93.6) | Young age (−0.49- −0.07), low education (0.04–0.46) |
| 8 [34] | WHOQOL | 52.4 | 45.3 | 43.4 | 59.1 | NR |
| 9 [35] | WHOQOL | 44.9 | 54.6 | 62.3 | 57.3 | Unemployment (−26.9), depression (−11.9), being single (−9.4) |
| 10 [36] | WHOQOL-BREF | 12.0 (48.0) | 11.6 (46.4) | 11.2 (44.8) | 13.2 (52.8) | Young age (NR), mental disorders (NR), and ADHD (NR) |
| 11 [37] | WHOQOL-BREF | 14.9 (59.6) | 13.4 (53.6) | 14.4 (57.6) | 13.5 (54.0) | Impulsivity (−9.9- −0.44), being unmarried (−0.13- −0.18) |
| 12 [38] | WHOQOL-BREF | 14.1 (56.4) | 13.2 (52.8) | 13.5 (54.0) | 12.6 (50.4) | Salary above minimum wage (0.11–0.18), mental disorders (−0.17- −0.15), duration of drug use ?30 years (−0.09- −0.24) |
| 13 [39] | WHOQOL | 60.1 | 63.1 | 59.9 | 60.4 | HIV carrier (37.0%) (−0.15- −0.83), barbiturate use (−0.01- −0.92) |
| 14 [40] | WHOQOL-BREF | 14.4 (57.6) | 13.1 (52.4) | 13.7 (54.8) | 13.9 (55.6) | Poor sleep (−0.40- −0.01), problematic gaming (−0.11- −0.01), HIV carrier (7.5%) (NR) |
| 15 [41] | WHOQOL-BREF | 12,2 (48.8) heroin vs 14.6 (58.4) cocaine | 12.3 (49.2) heroin vs 13.2 (52.8) cocaine | 11.7 (46.8) heroin vs 13.0 (52.0) cocaine | 12.3 (49.2) heroin vs 13.6 (54.4) cocaine | Older age (NR), female gender (NR) |
| 16 [42] | WHOQOL-BREF | 14.6 (58.4) | 13.6 (54.4) | 13.4 (53.6) | 13.1 (52.4) | Older age (1.4–5.7), female gender (1.1–4.1) |
| 17 [43] | WHOQOL | 62.1 | 56.7 | 54.8 | 53.7 | DMFT >14 (1.30–3.89), lower income (1.22–4.77) |
| 18 [44] | WHOQOL-BREF | 57.6 | 62.2 | 66.0 | 60.8 | Depression (NR), anxiety (NR) |
| 19 [45] | WHOQOL-BREF | 11.1 (44.4) | 11.0 (44.0) | 10.6 (42.4) | 11.9 (47.6) | Perceived stigma (−0.34- −0.05), being employed (−2.5- −0.18) |
Notes: For WHOQOL-BREF, domain scores are calculated based on the mean of item scores within each domain, followed by a multiplication by 4. This aligns scores with the WHOQOL-100 scale, which ranges from 4 to 20. A secondary transformation further converts these scores to a 0–100 scale. This dual-step conversion ensures comparability between WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF scores. Scores represent quality of life, with higher scores indicating better quality.
Abbreviations: NR, Not Reported; ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; WHOQOL, World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (100 questions – 96 for the 4 domains); WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Brief Version (26 questions – 24 for the 4 domains); DMFT, decayed, missing, and filled teeth.