Table 2.

Previous research on online hate and gerontophobia.

	Author	Concepts or types of hatred	Type of Gerontophobia
Online Hate	Miró (2016)	Directly promoting or praising violence	3, 4
		Encouraging discrimination, hate, or restricting rights	3, 4
		Insulting to emotions	3
	Calderón et al. (2020)	Making false or irrelevant accusations	4
		Promoting, advocating, justifying, or praising physical violence against groups	3, 4
		Using offensive messages or derogatory terms against group’s emotions or beliefs	3, 5
		Demanding or justifying restrictions on group’s rights	3
	Reichelmann et al. (2021)	Advocating violence against groups	3, 4
		Using stereotypes to describe groups	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
		Diverting personal issues onto groups	4
		Assigning national issues to groups	4
		Endorsing hate toward groups	3, 4
		Demanding discrimination against groups	3, 4
	Yang (2022)	Labeling: assigning unique names to target groups	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
		Stereotyping: mentioning negative fixed perceptions and prejudices about the target group	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
		Separating: treating the target group as something distinct	3
		Simple nominating: simple naming of the target group with expressed hate	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
		Mocking: using sarcasm, ridicule, or irony to mock the target group	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
		Other: cases not fitting in specific categories but containing hate nuances	–
Gerontopobia	Ayalon and Tesch-Römer (2017)	Prejudice, stereotypes, and beliefs about age	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
	Hong (2019)	Promote negative stereotypes or biases	4, 5
		Scorn, insult, or threaten	1, 4, 5
		Incite discrimination or hatred	3, 4
	Shin and Choi (2020)	Containing slander and disregard	1, 4, 5
		Considering as a presence that should disappear	3
		Rejecting as a selfish and antisocial alien group	3, 4
	Lee and Song (2021)	Targets perceived as threats to one’s survival or reproduction	2
		Non-productive and worthless existence	2, 3
		Presence with illnesses	1
		Engaging in exaggerated behaviors to elicit reactions or attention	4
		Innate aversion	1
		Verbal violence (attitudes that exert inappropriate force through words, tone, nonverbal cues, etc.)	1
		Discriminatory acts and defamation that ignore the experiences and needs of the elderly	3
		Group pushed outward while productivity and creativity are ignored	2, 3
	Kang (2022)	Innately felt hatred	1
		Contemptible and vile targets of hatred	1, 4
		Othering based on differences	3

^*(1) Fear of Aging, (2) Resource Burden, (3) Social Isolation, (4) Criticism of Social Behavior, (5) Stereotypes of Political Orientation.