Table 2.

Attendee Generated Draft Research Questions

Barrier-related questions
1. What is the patient perspective of important barriers to telehealth?
2. Does mitigating the disparities in TH use increase health outcomes? Which outcomes?
3. What interventions are most effective at reducing each of the identified barriers?
4. What infrastructure and support (i.e., the processes) are needed for patients and providers to successfully complete TH visits? How does this vary by populations? What processes and support is needed for follow-up and continuing care?
5. What is an effective way to facilitate access to and use of telehealth?
6. Does addressing specific barriers to telehealth use actually result in increased telehealth use and improvement in other patient-important outcomes?
7. What is the best approach to increase patient trust in telehealth?
8. What are the factors at the organizational level that serve as barriers to telehealth?
9. Does addressing any of the individual barriers actually increase access to high quality coordinated care for disadvantaged populations?
10. What cultural factors (and trust-related factors) serve as barriers to telehealth?
11. How can health systems and community organizations partner to address barriers?
12. How do we educate providers at all levels to use telehealth?
13. How can health systems and community organizations partner to address barriers?
14. Can community health workers/peers effectively address barriers to telehealth?
15. Are interventions effective across various populations?
16. Which telehealth interventions are the most sustainable?
17. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions to enable access to telehealth?
18. Which interventions give patients skills that are transferrable/generalizable across a range of settings?
19. How can multisector partnerships be built and most effectively collaborate to support telehealth use?
20. What is an efficient way to screen across a population to assess the most common or pressing barriers to telehealth?
21. Who is most effective in teaching how to build trust and communicate effectively in telehealth? Are patients and family representatives helpful with this?
22. Does using any of the identified facilitators actually increase access to telehealth?
23. When is TH appropriate/not appropriate?
24. How has telehealth been beneficial to patients seeking mental health care? In what outcomes?
25. How do we educate providers at all levels to use TH with patients? Where in educational curricula is TH taught?
26. Is the quality of engagement and communication equally as good on telehealth as it is in person?
27. Who is best equipped to implement interventions for these barriers?
28. What other ways is telehealth beneficial at a population level?
29. Which interventions are easiest to implement?
30. Is there a cost advantage to TH, in terms of costs and staffing?
31. Is it possible to develop a digital literacy standard for telehealth usability?
32. What success stories do we have that shows that TH is making a difference?
33. Where in the educational curricula should TH be taught?
34. Does TH increase or decrease emergency department visits?
35. Is a particular intervention focused on using a particular platform generalizable across platforms/settings?
Disparity-related questions
1. What outcomes for measuring telehealth success are most important to patients?
2. How can we leverage telehealth to reach those without access and promote future engagement in hybrid care?
3. What are the appropriate metrics for assessing success in telehealth interventions, other than use/nonuse?
4. What accommodations do people with various disabilities need to engage in telehealth?
5. What are the preferences of the patient, and how are these preferences being used/considered by providers?
6. What provider-level (e.g., language concordance) and practice-level (e.g., digital navigator presence) factors can reduce disparities in TH use?
7. To what extent do documented disparities represent actual disparities unique to telehealth vs. actual more pervasive disparities in health care and technology?
8. What commonly held assumptions about barriers and disparities are continuing to contribute to patient disparities in telehealth use?
9. What are the drivers of disparities in specific populations (payers, equipment, SES of patients)?
10. Do disparities in access by type of TH (e.g., synchronous vs. asynchronous, audio vs. video) lead to differences in outcomes?
11. Are there certain telehealth models (e.g., hosted in clinic, at home, at community site) that can reduce disparities in use?
12. How can we redefine costs to better assess longitudinal return on investment of telehealth?
13. How can we teach an unbiased approach to delivery of telehealth in medical education (both didactic and in clinical training)?
14. How do we differentiate between telehealth modalities and the decision of when to use one versus another?
15. How can we systematically assess and address the unique experiences of individuals instead of relying on common group categories?
16. What system-level choices about telehealth products may contribute to patient TH use?
17. Do patients feel a greater sense of agency or confidence with use of telehealth?
18. Where do patient-preferred and health system-preferred outcomes overlap and how do we reconcile for a given study if they don't overlap? (e.g., is readmission rate a good outcome since it has major health system value, but might devalue patient preference for earlier discharge)
19. Are there differences in access to TH in the various types of TH?
20. How do we support patient access to telehealth without them feeling pushed into telehealth?
21. Who has the most agency/ability to facilitate access to telehealth?
22. At what level of society is the responsibility or ability to address various disparities?
23. What barriers have been created (by patient and provider alike) leading us to believe that certain medical specialties are better primed to offer telehealth?

SES = socioeconomic status; TH = telehealth.