Table 5.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and sleep study results in MACCE and non-MACCE groups.
| Characteristics | MACCEs (n = 115) | No MACCEs (n = 839) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 63 (58–69) | 61 (56–67) | .031 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 94 (81.7%) | 728 (86.8%) | .143 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Chinese | 71 (61.7%) | 547 (65.2%) | .146 |
| Malay | 23 (20.0%) | 162 (19.3%) | |
| Indian | 18 (15.7%) | 82 (9.8%) | |
| Others | 3 (2.6%) | 48 (5.7%) | |
| Clinical measurements | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 126 (112–140) | 125 (111–138) | .536 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 70 (61–76) | 70 (62–79) | .097 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 25.2 (22.6–27.6) | 24.7 (22.4–27.3) | .579 |
| Neck circumference, median (IQR), cm | 38.5 (37–41.25) | 38.0 (36–40.5) | .208 |
| Waist circumference, median (IQR), cm | 9475 (86.75–102.0) | 92.0 (86.0–99.0) | .072 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||
| Smoking | .041 | ||
| 0 | 71 (61.7%) | 413 (49.2%) | |
| 1 | 25 (21.7%) | 251 (29.9%) | |
| 2 | 19 (16.5%) | 175 (20.9%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 94 (81.7%) | 684 (81.5%) | .956 |
| Hypertension | 101 (87.8%) | 616 (73.4%) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 83 (77.2%) | 459 (54.7%) | <.001 |
| Family history of premature coronary disease | 8 (7.0%) | 68 (8.1%) | .670 |
| Concomitant conditions, n (%) | |||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 52 (45.2%) | 390 (46.5%) | .798 |
| Previous percutaneous coronary intervention | 18 (15.7%) | 192 (22.9%) | .079 |
| Previous coronary artery bypass grafting | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.1%) | .227F |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 18 (15.7%) | 99 (11.8%) | .238 |
| Chronic kidney disease* | 38 (33.0%) | 122 (14.5%) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease on dialysis | 12 (10.4%) | 24 (2.9%) | <.001 |
| Pre-existing atrial fibrillation | 6 (5.2%) | 38 (4.5%) | .741 |
| Pacemaker in situ | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.4%) | >.999 |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in situ | 1 (0.9%) | 3 (0.4%) | .402 |
| Sleep study results | |||
| AHI, median (IQR), events/h | 20.6 (10.1–41.1) | 14.5 (5.5–28.0) | <.001 |
| RDI, median (IQR), events/h | 23.7 (13.4–44.1) | 18.8 (10.4–31.1) | .003 |
| ODI, median (IQR), events/h | 11.4 (4.3–26.9) | 7.3 (2.1–17.2) | <.001 |
| Sleep duration, median (IQR), h | 6.1 (5.1–7.3) | 6.4 (5.4–7.2) | .184 |
| Duration SpO2 < 90%, median (IQR), min | 0.8 (0.0–15.0) | 0.5 (0.0–4.8) | .089 |
| Percentage of sleep SpO2 < 90%, median (IQR), % | 0.2 (0.0–4.2) | 0.1 (0.0–1.3) | .082 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale > 10, n (%) | 16 (14.0%) | 101 (12.1%) | .552 |
| High-risk Berlin Questionnaire, n (%) | 48 (41.7%) | 368 (44.1%) | .636 |
*
Serum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, IQR = interquartile range, MACCE = major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event, ODI = oxygen desaturation index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, SpO2 = arterial oxygen saturation.