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. 2024 Jan 1;20(1):49–55. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10786

Table 5.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and sleep study results in MACCE and non-MACCE groups.

Characteristics MACCEs (n = 115) No MACCEs (n = 839) P
Age, median (IQR), y 63 (58–69) 61 (56–67) .031
Male sex, n (%) 94 (81.7%) 728 (86.8%) .143
Ethnicity, n (%)
 Chinese 71 (61.7%) 547 (65.2%) .146
 Malay 23 (20.0%) 162 (19.3%)
 Indian 18 (15.7%) 82 (9.8%)
 Others 3 (2.6%) 48 (5.7%)
Clinical measurements
 Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg 126 (112–140) 125 (111–138) .536
 Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg 70 (61–76) 70 (62–79) .097
 Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 25.2 (22.6–27.6) 24.7 (22.4–27.3) .579
 Neck circumference, median (IQR), cm 38.5 (37–41.25) 38.0 (36–40.5) .208
 Waist circumference, median (IQR), cm 9475 (86.75–102.0) 92.0 (86.0–99.0) .072
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)
 Smoking .041
  0 71 (61.7%) 413 (49.2%)
  1 25 (21.7%) 251 (29.9%)
  2 19 (16.5%) 175 (20.9%)
 Hyperlipidemia 94 (81.7%) 684 (81.5%) .956
 Hypertension 101 (87.8%) 616 (73.4%) <.001
 Diabetes mellitus 83 (77.2%) 459 (54.7%) <.001
 Family history of premature coronary disease 8 (7.0%) 68 (8.1%) .670
Concomitant conditions, n (%)
 Previous myocardial infarction 52 (45.2%) 390 (46.5%) .798
 Previous percutaneous coronary intervention 18 (15.7%) 192 (22.9%) .079
 Previous coronary artery bypass grafting 1 (0.9%) 1 (0.1%) .227F
 Stroke/transient ischemic attack 18 (15.7%) 99 (11.8%) .238
 Chronic kidney disease* 38 (33.0%) 122 (14.5%) <.001
 Chronic kidney disease on dialysis 12 (10.4%) 24 (2.9%) <.001
 Pre-existing atrial fibrillation 6 (5.2%) 38 (4.5%) .741
 Pacemaker in situ 0 (0.0%) 3 (0.4%) >.999
 Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in situ 1 (0.9%) 3 (0.4%) .402
Sleep study results
 AHI, median (IQR), events/h 20.6 (10.1–41.1) 14.5 (5.5–28.0) <.001
 RDI, median (IQR), events/h 23.7 (13.4–44.1) 18.8 (10.4–31.1) .003
 ODI, median (IQR), events/h 11.4 (4.3–26.9) 7.3 (2.1–17.2) <.001
 Sleep duration, median (IQR), h 6.1 (5.1–7.3) 6.4 (5.4–7.2) .184
 Duration SpO2 < 90%, median (IQR), min 0.8 (0.0–15.0) 0.5 (0.0–4.8) .089
 Percentage of sleep SpO2 < 90%, median (IQR), % 0.2 (0.0–4.2) 0.1 (0.0–1.3) .082
 Epworth Sleepiness Scale > 10, n (%) 16 (14.0%) 101 (12.1%) .552
 High-risk Berlin Questionnaire, n (%) 48 (41.7%) 368 (44.1%) .636
*

Serum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, IQR = interquartile range, MACCE = major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event, ODI = oxygen desaturation index, RDI = respiratory disturbance index, SpO2 = arterial oxygen saturation.