Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study groups.
| Parameter | Obese (15-19 years) | Obese (10-15 years) | p | Lean (15-19 years) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline data | |||||
| Age (years) | 16.59 ± 0.93 (144) | 12.71 ± 1.37 (213) | <0.001 | 16.53 ± 0.98 (20) | 0.765 |
| Sex (% of females) | 47.2 (144) | 47.4 (213) | 1,000 | 55.0 (20) | 0.634 |
| Weight (kg) | 102.82 ± 21.63 (144) | 83.68 ± 19.64 (213) | <0.001 | 66.3 ± 13.07 (20) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 173.14 ± 9.5 (144) | 162.7 ± 10.68 (213) | <0.001 | 171.72 ± 10.49 (20) | 0.54 |
| Height SDS | 0.07 ± 1.08 (144) | 0.69 ± 1.19 (213) | <0.001 | 0.01 ± 1.24 (20) | 0.816 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.19 ± 6.19 (144) | 31.34 ± 5.31 (213) | <0.001 | 22.31 ± 2.69 (20) | <0.001 |
| BMI SDS | 4.94 ± 2.3 (144) | 4.21 ± 1.76 (213) | 0.001 | 0.54 ± 0.98 (20) | <0.001 |
| TSH (mU/l)* | 2.46; 1.68-3.42 (142) | 2.86; 2.16-3.93 (211) | 0.034 | 2.18; 1.63-2.55 (20) | 0.117 |
| FT4 (pmol/l) | 15.07 ± 2.5 (144) | 15.46 ± 2.56 (213) | 0.157 | 16.08 ± 2.27 (20) | 0.090 |
| FT3 (pmol/l) | 6.18 ± 1.11 (68) | 6.78 ± 0.97 (116) | <0.001 | 6.54 ± 1.13 (9) | 0.362 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l)* | 4.80; 4.5-5.1 (128) | 5.00; 4.7-5.2 (175) | 0.123 | 5.05; 4.7-5.2 (14) | 0.590 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 3.85 ± 0.93 (111) | 3.92 ± 0.87 (164) | 0.511 | 4.02 ± 1.09 (9) | 0.595 |
| Creatinine (mmol/l) | 63.63 ± 10.8 (137) | 52.79 ± 9.8 (193) | <0.001 | 61.24 ± 10.98 (17) | 0.391 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 381.07 ± 89.09 (134) | 353.34 ± 80.12 (186) | 0.004 | 276.29 ± 79.77 (14) | <0.001 |
| Total serum proteins (g/l) | 72.92 ± 4.93 (43) | 73.21 ± 4.14 (76) | 0.733 | 73.4 ± 3.32 (4) | 0.851 |
| AST (μkat/l)* | 0.4; 0.33-0.49 (132) | 0.4; 0.33-0.47 (184) | 0.976 | 0.34; 0.31-0.37 (16) | 0.067 |
| ALT (μkat/l)* | 0.45; 0.31-0.71 (135) | 0.38; 0.28-0.55 (194) | 0.144 | 0.25; 0.2-0.385 (17) | 0.073 |
| GGT (μkat/l)* | 0.325; 0.26-0.49 (56) | 0.25; 0.19-0.31 (101) | 0.006 | 0.17; 0.17-0.17 (1) | 0.334 |
| ALP (μkat/l)* | 1.57; 1.32-1.98 (80) | 3.81; 2.59-4.75 (142) | <0.001 | 1.59; 1.13-3.25 (9) | 0.477 |
| Total-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.16 ± 0.92 (128) | 4.11 ± 0.79 (184) | 0.621 | 3.73 ± 0.57 (13) | 0.105 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.12 ± 0.25 (119) | 1.13 ± 0.23 (169) | 0.755 | 1.42 ± 0.25 (6) | 0.006 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.68 ± 0.73 (118) | 2.62 ± 0.71 (169) | 0.496 | 2.31 ± 0.43 (6) | 0.228 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.31 ± 0.59 (128) | 1.38 ± 0.66 (186) | 0.307 | 0.83 ± 0.45 (12) | 0.006 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 30.62 ± 25.41 (81) | 31.55 ± 32.66 (126) | 0.828 | 13.85 ± 1.48 (2) | 0.356 |
| High Sugar score | 5.41 ± 1.16 (12) | 5.39 ± 1.45 (14) | 0.97 | 6.09 ± 1.01 (12) | 0.142 |
| High Complex Carbohydrate score | 5.68 ± 0.96 (12) | 5.67 ± 1.25 (14) | 0.985 | 5.97 ± 1.07 (12) | 0.491 |
| High Protein score | 5.41 ± 1.6 (12) | 5.1 ± 1.41 (14) | 0.605 | 5.5 ± 0.97 (12) | 0.873 |
| High Fat score | 5.46 ± 1.01 (12) | 5.52 ± 1.35 (14) | 0.889 | 5.7 ± 0.76 (12) | 0.511 |
| Low Fiber score | 5.67 ± 1.43 (9) | 5.28 ± 1.61 (9) | 0.592 | 6.05 ± 0.9 (8) | 0.535 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of Saturated FA per 100g | 5.46 ± 1.13 (9) | 5.06 ± 1.44 (9) | 0.515 | 6.11 ± 0.67 (8) | 0.181 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of Polysaturated FA per 100g | 5.54 ± 1.07 (9) | 5.06 ± 1.42 (9) | 0.434 | 6.2 ± 0.68 (8) | 0.16 |
| Score for foods cotaining ≥1.5g of Monosaturated FA per 100g | 5.54 ± 1.06 (9) | 5.13 ± 1.38 (9) | 0.493 | 6.03 ± 0.74 (8) | 0.287 |
| Follow-up data | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.09 ± 6.57 (144) | 31.17 ± 5.35 (213) | <0.001 | 22.43 ± 2.69 (20) | <0.001 |
| BMI SDS | 4.89 ± 2.44 (144) | 4.08 ± 1.8 (213) | 0.001 | 0.58 ± 0.98 (20) | <0.001 |
| Duration of the follow-up (months) | 5.40 ± 1.92 (144) | 5.76 ± 1.80 (213) | 0.096 | 6.60 ± 1.92 (20) | 0.007 |
| BMI change | -0.1 ± 2.23 (144) | -0.17 ± 2.24 (213) | 0.773 | 0.12 ± 0.84 (20) | 0.407 |
| BMI-SDS change | -0.05 ± 0.83 (144) | -0.13 ± 0.78 (213) | 0.334 | 0.04 ± 0.31 (20) | 0.362 |
| BMI-SDS change per year | -0.18 ± 2.02 (144) | -0.29 ± 1.79 (213) | 0.578 | 0.06 ± 0.49 (20) | 0.237 |
*Non-normally distributed data (TSH, fasting serum glucose, AST, ALT, GGT and ALP) are presented as the median and interquartile range, and were log transformed prior t-test. TSH, Thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT4, free thyroxine; FT3, free triiodothyronine; BMI, body mass index; SDS, standard deviation score; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; FA, fatty acids. Value in parentheses (number of participants). P value was calculated in t-test for the difference between populations of adolescents with obesity and 1. children with obesity and 2. non-obese adolescents. All significant values (p<0.05) are in bold.