Fig. 1.

Participant flow for inclusion into cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, for the ST131, H30, and H30R categories. Flowchart for the cross-sectional and longitudinal data, including characterization of the number of families, individuals, samples, and molecular characterization of E. coli isolates. High-level associations between taxa and E. coli ST131 carriage are provided at the bottom, with cross-sectional association findings being validated in a subset of individuals with available longitudinal data.