Table 2.
Outcomes for each included encounter, accounting for clustering at the clinician level
| Control group N=4374 |
Intervention group N=5221 |
P value | |
| NSAID outcomes | |||
| NSAID ordered by end of first full hospital day (primary outcome), n (%) | 1586 (36.3) | 2245 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| NSAID administered by end of first full hospital day, n (%) | 1317 (30.1) | 1798 (34.4) | 0.001 |
| Pain and opioid outcomes | |||
| Highest pain score during first full hospital day (median (IQR)) | 6.0 (2.0–8.0) | 6.0 (3.0–8.0) | <0.001 |
| Average pain score during first full hospital day (median (IQR)) | 3.1 (0.8–5.1) | 3.3 (1.0–5.3) | 0.001 |
| Highest pain score during last full hospital day (median (IQR)) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 6.0 (2.0–8.0) | 0.001 |
| Average pain score during last full hospital day (median (IQR)) | 2.8 (0.4–4.9) | 3.0 (0.8–5.0) | <0.001 |
| Average daily OME over hospitalisation (median (IQR)) | 31.3 (7.5–77.1) | 32.9 (9.0–80.2) | 0.35 |
| Total OME 24 hours day before discharge (median (IQR)) | 102.0 (20.0–359.4) | 112.5 (24–350.0) | 0.49 |
| Opioid ordered at discharge, n (%) | 2253 (51.5) | 2971 (56.9) | 0.19 |
| MEDD of discharge prescription, (mean (SD)) | 60.0 (30.0, 90.0) | 60.0 (30.0, 105.0) | 0.37 |
| Clinical Harms | |||
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 66 (1.5) | 77 (1.5) | 0.97 |
| New AKI, n (%) | 390 (8.9) | 498 (9.5) | 0.52 |
| New GI bleed, not present on admission, n (%) | 45 (1.0) | 50 (1.0) | <0.001 |
P value=clustered by admitting clinician. The mean OME and MEDD only include patients who had an opioid. If there was no opioid administered or prescribed at discharge, that encounter was not included in calculating the mean.
AKI, acute kidney injury; GI, gastrointestinal; MEDD, morphine equivalent daily dose; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OME, oral morphine equivalent.