Table 2.
Comparison of biosensors for waterborne virus detection in wastewater matrices.
| Micro-organisms | Biosensor type | Transduction element | Bioreceptor | Sample matrices | LOD | Linear range | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEV G3 genome | Electro-chemical | SPAuEs | Capture/signal DNA probe | Buffer | 1.2 pM | 2.4 pM−300 nM | [44] |
| Wastewater | NA (Consistent results with RT-qPCR) | NA | |||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | Electro-chemical | MIP electrodes | SARS-CoV-2 MIPs | PBS | 0.1 fM | NA | [59] |
| Wastewater | ≥0.1 fM | NA | |||||
| SARS-CoV-2 Genomic RNA | Electro-chemical | PCB electrodes | DNA primers | PBS | 10 pg/μL (1.7 fM) | NA | [73] |
| Wastewater | NA | NA | |||||
| NoV GII.4-LPs | Optical | O-T-M complexes/EFA-NI | Anti-NoV monoclonal/polyclonal antibody | Contaminated water | NA | 102−103 particles/mL | [119] |
| NoV GI capsid | Optical | Anti-NoV-conjugated fluorescent polystyrene particle | Anti-NoV capsid protein VP1 polyclonal antibody | Deionized water | 1 copy/μL | NA | [120] |
| Wastewater | 10 copies/μL | NA |
SPAuEs: screen-printed gold electrodes; PCB: printed circuit board; MIP: molecularly imprinted polymer; EFA-NI: external force-assisted near-field illumination; O-T-M complexes: optical marker (O)-target (T)-magnetic particle (M) complexes; HEV G3: hepatitis E virus genotype 3; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; NoV: norovirus; NoV GI capsid: norovirus group-1 capsid; NoV GII.4-LPs: norovirus GII.4 subtype-like particles; PBS: phosphate buffer; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; NA: not available.