Table 2.

Distribution of COVID-19 prevention outcomes across time points and effectiveness of mHealth intervention among Kukaa Salama participants, Kampala, Uganda, 2021

				Unadjusted model1			Adjusted model2
Outcome	Time period	N	Mean (SD)	β	95% CI	p	aβ	95% CI	p
COVID-19 prevention self-efficacy
	Pre-intervention	346	3.0 (0.5)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	3.1 (0.4)	0.09	0.03, 0.15	0.003	0.09	0.03, 0.15	0.003
	Follow-up	302	2.9 (0.3)	−0.06	−0.12, −0.01	0.030	−0.06	−0.12, 0.00	0.037
COVID-19 personal perceived risk
	Pre-intervention	344	1.8 (0.9)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	314	1.8 (0.9)	0.01	−0.10, 0.12	0.836	0.01	−0.10, 0.12	0.852
	Follow-up	302	1.8 (0.8)	0.01	−0.10, 0.12	0.913	0.00	−0.11, 0.11	0.985
COVID-19 risk awareness
	Pre-intervention	346	3.4 (0.9)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	3.5 (0.7)	0.10	0.02, 0.17	0.010	0.10	0.03, 0.18	0.008
	Follow-up	302	3.5 (0.7)	0.06	−0.02, 0.14	0.166	0.07	−0.02, 0.15	0.125
COVID-19 community attitudes
	Pre-intervention	346	2.5 (0.5)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	315	2.5 (0.5)	−0.01	−0.06, 0.05	0.773	−0.01	−0.06, 0.05	0.809
	Follow-up	302	2.6 (0.4)	0.03	−0.02, 0.08	0.248	0.03	−0.02, 0.09	0.221
COVID-19 personal attitude
	Pre-intervention	346	3.1 (0.5)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	315	3.2 (0.3)	0.12	0.06, 0.18	<0.001	0.12	0.06, 0.18	<0.001
	Follow-up	302	3.1 (0.3)	0.01	−0.05, 0.06	0.864	0.00	−0.05, 0.06	0.883
COVID-19 norms
	Pre-intervention	346	2.4 (0.4)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	2.6 (0.2)	0.19	0.14, 0.23	<0.001	0.19	0.14, 0.23	<0.001
	Follow-up	302	2.5 (0.2)	0.14	0.10, 0.19	<0.001	0.14	0.09, 0.19	<0.001
COVID-19 self-regulation
	Pre-intervention	346	3.2 (0.5)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	3.4 (0.5)	0.21	0.15, 0.27	<0.001	0.21	0.15, 0.27	<0.001
	Follow-up	302	3.2 (0.5)	0.07	0.01, 0.13	0.018	0.07	0.01, 0.13	0.021
Depression
	Pre-intervention	346	5.9 (5.8)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	6.4 (5.2)	0.53	−0.03, 1.09	0.064	0.53	−0.02, 1.09	0.061
	Follow-up	302	6.2 (5.0)	0.15	−0.45, 0.76	0.617	0.20	−0.40, 0.81	0.510
Increased community violence
	Pre-intervention	346	1.1 (1.1)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	315	1.0 (1.1)	−0.12	−0.26, 0.02	0.085	−0.12	−0.26, 0.01	0.076
	Follow-up	302	0.9 (1.1)	−0.25	−0.39, −0.10	0.001	−0.26	−0.40, −0.11	0.001
Reduced community SRH access
	Pre-intervention	346	0.6 (0.9)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	315	1.0 (0.9)	0.37	0.25, 0.49	<0.001	0.37	0.25, 0.49	<0.001
	Follow-up	302	0.8 (0.9)	0.17	0.03, 0.30	0.015	0.15	0.02, 0.29	0.022
		N	n (%)	OR	95% CI	p	aOR	95% CI	p
Experiencing IPV
	Pre-intervention	346	21 (6.1)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	315	29 (9.2)	1.57	0.97, 2.53	0.068	1.58	0.96, 2.60	0.071
	Follow-up	302	16 (5.3)	0.85	0.49, 1.49	0.579	0.84	0.47, 1.50	0.557
Food insecurity
	Pre-intervention	346	226 (65.3)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	213 (67.4)	1.09	0.87, 1.37	0.461	1.09	0.85, 1.40	0.509
	Follow-up	302	214 (70.9)	1.24	0.97, 1.58	0.090	1.25	0.96, 1.63	0.103
Water insecurity
	Pre-intervention	345	168 (48.7)	ref			ref
	Post-intervention	316	130 (41.1)	0.74	0.58, 0.94	0.015	0.71	0.54, 0.92	0.011
	Follow-up	302	129 (42.7)	0.75	0.60, 0.95	0.018	0.72	0.56, 0.93	0.012

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted OR; IPV, intimate partner violence; SRH, sexual and reproductive health.

¹Unadjusted intervention effect calculated using generalised estimating equation logistic or linear regression model with an unstructured correlation matrix.

²Adjusted intervention effect calculated using generalised estimating equation logistic or linear regression model with an unstructured correlation matrix, controlling for prespecified covariates (gender, age, settlement).

Bolded p-values reflect statistically significant findings of p<0.05.