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. 2024 Jan 2;24:7. doi: 10.1186/s12890-023-02823-8

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of colonization of Haemophilus influenzae on the risk of exacerbation of bronchiectasis. The lines indicate Kaplan-Meier curves assessing the risk of exacerbation after diagnosis. Solid lines indicate patients with Haemophilus influenzae colonization, while dashed lines indicate patients without colonization. Compared to patients without colonization, patients with Haemophilus influenzae colonization had higher risk of (a) any exacerbation, defined as worsening of respiratory symptoms such as cough, increased sputum, or requiring antibiotics or hospitalization (p < 0.001) and (b) mild exacerbation requiring prescription of oral antibiotics from an outpatient clinic (p = 0.010). However, no difference was observed regarding (c) severe exacerbation requiring hospitalization or emergency room visits (p = 0.510)