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. 2024 Jan 2;43:5. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02914-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — High-dose loratadine promoted the crosstalk between apoptosis and pyroptosis. A Evident balloon-like morphological changes were noted with red arrows in different cell lines treated with H-loratadine. B Cell growth was examined by colony formation in lung cancer cell lines treated with H-loratadine and combined with a GSDMD inhibitor. C to F Flow cytometry analysis of inhibitor-treated A549 cells stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI. The percentage of double-positive cells was presumably pyroptotic cells. G-K A549, PC9, and NCI-H1299 cells were treated with different doses of loratadine. The indicated proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Dose-dependent cleavage of caspases, p53, p21, bax, PARP, GSDMD and GSDME was demonstrated. GSDMD-FL, full-length GSDMD; GSDMD-N, GSDMD N-terminal domain. GSDME-FL, full-length GSDME; GSDME-N, GSDME N-terminal domain. L Release from A549 cells treated with H-loratadine. Each column represents the mean value of three biological replicates, and error bars indicate SD. ***p < 0.001