Fig. 4.

We used the following schema to obtain estimates for the time distance between real-world sequences: We first extracted ${\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathit{mtDNA}}$ from Phylotree. Then, we determined the binary vector $\overrightarrow{Z}$ that denotes the differences between the RSRS and the sequence in consideration. We removed from both ${\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathit{mtDNA}}$ and $\overrightarrow{Z}$ the phylogeny transversion sites and sequences transversion sites as explained in Fig. 1. We applied our estimation methods using ${\overrightarrow{X}}_{\mathit{mtDNA}}$ and $\overrightarrow{Z}$ as input to get uncalibrated p and calibrated p as explained in Calibration section. Finally, the TMRCA of the examined sequence and humans is given by $TMRCA=\frac{1}{2}(T_{\mathit{RSRS}}+T_{\mathit{Sequence}}+p_{\mathit{calibrated}})$