Table 6. Statistical Association between DRPs and clinical end outcomes among hospitalized stroke patients.

Primary Domain	Causes	Frequency of DRPs (n)	Clinical end outcomes		p-value
			Expired	Discharge
Drug Selection	Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary	86	62	24	0.000
	Inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and herbal medications, or drugs and dietary supplements	102	56	46
	Appropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary	62	10	52
Dose Selection	Dosage regimen not frequent enough	132	70	62	0.000
	Dosage regimen too frequent	53	18	35
	Dose timing instructions wrong, unclear or missing	12	10	02
Treatment Duration	Duration of treatment too short	90	44	46	0.000
	Duration of treatment too long	87	59	28
	Proper Duration of treatment	73	25	48
Dispensing	Prescribed drug not available	47	22	25	0.002
	Necessary information not provided or incorrect advice provided	120	55	65
Drug use process	Inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals	110	61	49	0.000
	Wrong drug administered	70	48	22
	Appropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals	65	17	48

Table adapted from Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) Classification Version 9.1 ⁴⁵