Table 2.

Summary of clinical trials with TLR agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants.

TLR	Agonist	Vaccine description	Vaccine type	Target Cancer	No. of Clinical Trial	Phase	Response	References
TLR3,7	PolyICLC IMQ	Tumor lysate and DC vaccine	DC	Glioblastoma	NCT00068510	Phase I	Activation of DCs and tumor antigen specific T cells	166
TLR3,7	PolyICLC Resquimod	Tumor lysate-pulsed DCs	DC	Brain tumors	NCT01204684	Phase II	Ongoing study	N/A
TLR3	PolyICLC	NY-ESO-1 vaccine	Protein	Ovarian cancer	NCT00616941	Phase I	Increased antigen specific antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells	167
TLR3	PolyICLC	NY-ESO-1 vaccine	Protein	Melanoma	N/A	Phase I/II	robust NY-ESO-1 specific humoral and cellular immune responses	168
TLR3	PolyICLC	Melanoma specific neoantigen peptide vaccine	Peptide	Melanoma	NCT04364230	Phase I/II	Ongoing study	N/A
TLR3	PolyICLC	Multipeptide vaccine	Peptide	Breast cancer	NCT01532960	Phase I	Moderate induction of antigen specific CD8+ T cells	169
TLR3,4	PolyICLC LPS	Melanoma peptide vaccines	Peptide	Melanoma	NCT01585350	Unknown (Phase I or II)	Induction of CD8+ T-cell immune response with high OS/DFS	170
TLR4	GLA	Recombinant NY-ESO-1 vaccine	Protein	Solid tumors expressing NY-ESO-1	NCT02015416	Phase I	Increased antigen specific antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses	171
TLR4	MPLA	Recombinant baculovirus-derived KSA (Ep-CAM) vaccine	Protein	Colorectal cancer	N/A	Phase I	Induction of KSA specific antibodies	172
TLR4	GLA	Melanoma-associated peptide(MART-1a) vaccine	Peptide	Melanoma	NCT02320305	Phase I	Increased MART-1a specific T cells	173
TLR7	IMQ	Flt3L and tumor antigen vaccine	Peptide	Metastatic melanoma	N/A	Phase I	Increased peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell response	174
TLR7	IMQ	Recombinant NY-ESO-1 vaccine	Protein	Melanoma	NCT00142454	Phase I	Increased humoral and cellular immune response specific to NY-ESO-1	175
TLR7	IMQ	Multipeptide cancer vaccine	Peptide	Melanoma	NCT01264731	Phase I	Activation and tumor-infiltration of CD8+ T cells and NK cells	176
TLR7	Resquimod	NY-ESO-1 vaccine	Protein	Melanoma	NCT00821652	Phase I	Induction of antigen specific antibodies and CD4+ T-cell responses	177
TLR7	Resquimod	gp100 and MAGE-3 peptide vaccine	Peptide	Melanoma	NCT00960752	Phase II	Activation of pDCs and regression of in-transit melanoma metastasis	178
TLR9	CpG7909	Melanoma antigen vaccine	Peptide	Melanoma	N/A	Phase I	Induction of NY-ESO-1 specific T-cell responses	179
TLR9	CpG7909	URLC210–177 and TTK567 peptide vaccine	Peptide	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	NCT00669292	Phase I/II	Induction of antigen specific CD8+ T-cell responses	180