TABLE 2.

Associations between food insecurity and endorsement of individual food addiction symptoms

Symptom	Endorsement by overall sample (n = 1,780)		Endorsement by food secure adults (n = 868)		Endorsement by food insecure adults (n = 912)		Multivariate-adjusted associations with food insecuritya
	n	%	n	%	n	%	OR	95% CI
Substance consumed in larger amount and for longer period than intended	111	6.2	33	3.8	78	8.6b	1.87	1.21, 2.89
Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit	178	10.0	54	6.2	124	13.6b	2.08	1.46, 2.96
Much time/activity to obtain, use recover	133	7.5	40	4.6	93	10.2b	1.84	1.24, 2.74
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced	88	4.9	19	2.2	69	7.6b	2.78	1.64, 4.74
Use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences	169	9.5	38	4.4	131	14.4b	2.87	1.95, 4.23
Tolerance (marked increase in amount, decrease in effect)	146	8.2	41	4.7	105	11.5b	2.16	1.46, 3.19
Characteristic withdrawal symptoms	168	9.4	45	5.2	123	13.5b	2.47	1.71, 3.57
Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems	214	12.0	52	6.0	162	17.8b	2.62	1.86, 3.69
Failure to fulfill major role obligations	227	12.8	46	5.3	181	19.9b	3.44	2.42, 4.89
Use in physically hazard situations	176	9.9	35	4.0	141	15.5b	3.40	2.29, 5.06
Craving or strong desire to use	192	10.8	44	5.1	148	16.2b	3.06	2.13, 4.41
Use causes clinically significant impairment or distress	166	9.3	34	3.9	132	14.5b	3.14	2.10, 4.69

^aMultivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and income (relative to federal poverty guideline)

^bSignificantly different from food secure group (P<0.0001) from chi-squared tests